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2015年第46卷第3期共收录54篇 1. Accession number:20151700776865 Title:Quantitative characterization of particle size and shape of pig manure Authors:Ge, Jinyi1 ; Huang, Guangqun1 ; Huang, Jing1 ; Zeng, Jianfei1 ; Han, Lujia1 Author affiliation:1 College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Corresponding author:Han, Lujia Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:192-196 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Quantitative characterization of particle morphology of manure is one of the key factors for modeling the fluid flow and degradation mechanism during manure management. This study applied three dispersion pretreatments (water dispersion, oven drying-mechanical vibration and vacuum freeze drying-mechanical vibration) and three analysis methods (scanning electron microscopy, dynamic image analysis and laser particle size analysis) to explore the particle size distribution and microscopic properties of pig manure. Scanning electron micrographs showed that manure particles had an irregular shape; the oven dried-mechanically vibrated sample had more aggregates. The comparison between the results of different pretreatments indicated that the vacuum freeze drying-mechanical vibration could be selected as the preferred method because of the soluble components of manure and the aggregates generated during the oven drying process. There were differences in the values of characteristic parameters obtained by three analysis methods, and the dynamic image analysis was suggested as an effective method because of the direct measurement of particle morphology and the high degree of automation. Based on the optimized methods, the median diameter of manure particles was (501±16) μm, the span of particle size distribution was 1.45±0.04, and the shape factors including the aspect ratio and sphericity were 0.57±0.01 and 0.61±0.01, respectively. Number of references:26 Main heading:Particle size analysis Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Aggregates - Aspect ratio - Characterization - Degradation - Dispersions - Drying - Dynamic mechanical analysis - Dynamics - Flow of fluids - Image analysis - Light transmission - Low temperature drying - Manures - Morphology - Ovens - Particle size - Scanning electron microscopy - Size distribution - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical) Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic image analysis - Particle shape - Pig manures - Quantitative characterization - Vacuum-freeze drying Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 423 Non Mechanical Properties and Tests of Building Materials - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.027 Database:Compendex 2. Accession number:20151700776878 Title:Online monitoring equipment for aquaculture based on unmanned automatic cruise boat Authors:Meng, Xiangbao1 ; Huang, Jiayi1 ; Xie, Qiubo1 ; Chen, Wanyun2 Author affiliation:1 Guangdong Institute of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Guangzhou, China 2 Guangzhou Jiankun Network Technology Development Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:276-281 and 260 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:An equipment for aquaculture was developed which consisted of unmanned automatic cruise boat, environmental and ecological monitoring devices and remote service platform. It achieved a real-time online monitoring and precise control of field devices with high efficiency and low cost. By using the technology of automatic heading speed control, navigation and anti-collision, the unmanned boat realized the function of automatic cruise. Then, the boat carried a self-made multi-functional device (one controller with different probes) to obtain ecological characteristics and various environmental parameters at each specified location, including water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Detection parameters could be expanded according to the actual needs. The boat could obviously reduce the number of monitoring device and effectively improve its detection accuracy. Furthermore, information fusion, statistical analysis and configuration control were used to analyze the obtained data and precisely manage field aquaculture equipment. The result showed that the integrated monitoring equipment could meet the needs of large-scale and factory-style aquaculture, and promoted the wider application of precision agriculture equipment in ordinary farmers. Number of references:9 Main heading:Boat equipment Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aquaculture - Boats - Collision avoidance - Controllers - Dissolved oxygen - Ecology - Equipment - Internet of things - Monitoring - Partial discharges - pH effects - Redox reactions - Social networking (online) Uncontrolled terms:Automatic cruise - Configuration control - Ecological characteristics - Environmental parameter - Multifunctional devices - Online monitoring - Oxidation reduction potential - Precise control Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901 Engineering Profession - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.040 Database:Compendex 3. Accession number:20151700776655 Title:Research on damping multi-model adaptive control of semi-active air suspension Authors:Sun, Xiaoqiang1 ; Chen, Long1 ; Wang, Shaohua1 ; Yang, Xiaofeng1 ; Xu, Xing1 Author affiliation:1 School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:351-357 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Aiming at the problem that the convergence rate of identification algorithm in conventional adaptive controller is difficult to follow the model parameters actual change rate of semi-active air suspension, a damping multi-model adaptive control method, which could meet the high control quality requirement of semi-active air suspension with parameters changing in wide range, was proposed. In order to improve the system control speed, multiple fixed local linear models were established according to the actual damping control process of semi-active air suspension for different vehicle operating statuses and an adaptive model which initial value could be re-assigned was introduced to enhance the system control precision. The model switching control strategy based on minimum error was used to select the best matching model online and the optimum damping force was regulated by adaptive control method, thus constituting the damping multi-model adaptive control for semi-active air suspension. Simulation and vehicle road test results showed that the proposed method could improve the control quality of semi-active air suspension in wide range driving conditions effectively and the vehicle ride comfort was improved significantly. Number of references:19 Main heading:Adaptive control systems Controlled terms:Active suspension systems - Airships - Algorithms - Automobile suspensions - Damping - Quality control - Suspensions (components) - Vehicles Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive Control - Damping control - Multi model - Semi-active air suspensions - Vehicle tests Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 601.2 Machine Components - 632.1 Hydraulics - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.051 Database:Compendex 4. Accession number:20151700776842 Title:Grape image fast segmentation based on improved artificial bee colony and fuzzy clustering Authors:Luo, Lufeng1, 2 ; Zou, Xiangjun1 ; Yang, Zhou1 ; Li, Guoqin2 ; Song, Xiping2 ; Zhang, Cong2 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China 2 College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, China Corresponding author:Zou, Xiangjun Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:23-28 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:The image segmentation algorithm based on the fuzzy C-average clustering (FCM) needs initial cluster number and cluster center in advance, which make the algorithm easy to fall into local optimum. An image segmentation method based on improved artificial swarm optimization fuzzy clustering was proposed. The optimization of proposed method was conducted on the basis of the traditional artificial colony. The fitness function of artificial colony was improved by using objective function of FCM algorithm. With the collaboration of bee colony, follow bees and computerized bee, the optimal initial clustering center could be solved quickly. Then the optimal initial clustering center was input into FCM and image segmentation was finally realized by using maximum membership principle. The fruit segmentation experiment was carried out with 300 'summer black' grape photos taken under frontlight, backlight and normal light illumination conditions. The experiment proves that the proposed method can identify fruit from the natural environment quickly. The average time for segmentation was 0.2193 s per photo and accuracy was 90.33%. The time consuming was shorter and the accuracy was higher than OTSU and traditional FCM algorithm. It can meet the real-time requirement of picking robot and fruit grading system. Number of references:18 Main heading:Image segmentation Controlled terms:Algorithms - Clustering algorithms - Evolutionary algorithms - Fruits - Fuzzy clustering - Grading - Optimization Uncontrolled terms:Artificial bee colonies - Artificial bee colony algorithms - Fitness - Grape - Image segmentation algorithm - Initial clustering centers - Maximum membership principle - Real time requirement Classification code:721 Computer Circuits and Logic Elements - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.004 Database:Compendex 5. Accession number:20151700776656 Title:CMAC-ADRC algorithm based on adaptive parameter identification for asynchronous motor speed control system Authors:Li, Hui1, 2 ; Liu, Xingqiao1, 3 ; Li, Jing2 Author affiliation:1 School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China 2 Faculty of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China 3 Key Laboratory of Machinery Industry Agriculture Measure and Control Technology and Equipment, Zhenjiang, China Corresponding author:Liu, Xingqiao Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:358-365 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:According to the problem of asynchronous motor speed control system, this paper proposes a cerebellar model aritculation controller coupled with active disturbance rejection controller (CMAC-ADRC) control algorithms based on adaptive parameter identification. The respective advantages of CMAC and ADRC were combined. And CMAC neural network was used for feedforward control. Its online learning was applied which suppressed overshoot system, enhanced the robustness and dynamic performance of the system. ADRC was used for feedback control which further enhanced the anti-jamming capability. The inertia was identified by using model reference adaptive parameter identification technique and ADRC compensation factors were optimized. Taking converter and asynchronous motor as control objects, the simulation was carried out. The simulation results showed that the response amplitude caused by disturbance of control system using CMAC-ADRC based on adaptive identification was 44.57% of the one using first-order optimization ADRC, and 17.69% of the one using CMAC-PD. Meanwhile, the recovery time of disturbance was 50% of the one using first-order optimization ADRC, and 60% of the one using CMAC-PD. Some experiments were finished on the experiment platform based on MCU-CPLD-DSP. The experiment result showed that with CMAC-ADRC, the overshoot, rising time, response amplitude caused by disturbance, and recovery time of disturbance were 45.49%, 53.33%, 71% and 76.47% of the one using first-order optimization ADRC, respectively. Number of references:14 Main heading:Adaptive control systems Controlled terms:Algorithms - Computer system recovery - Control systems - Controllers - Disturbance rejection - Electric machine theory - Feedforward control - Identification (control systems) - Induction motors - Motors - Neural networks - Parameter estimation - Speed control Uncontrolled terms:Active disturbance rejection controller - Active disturbance rejection controls - Adaptive identification - Anti-jamming capability - CMAC network - Experiment platforms - Identification techniques - Model reference adaptive Classification code:705 Electric Generators and Motors - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.052 Database:Compendex 6. Accession number:20151700776871 Title:Survival and cross-contamination of aeromonas spp. on different food contacts Authors:Dong, Qingli1 ; Wang, Haimei1 ; Malakar, Pradeep K2 ; Lu, Ranran1 Author affiliation:1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China 2 Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:228-234 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:The aim of present work is to study the cross-contamination and survival capacity of Aeromonas spp. on different food contacts in the kitchen. The recovery ratios of Aeromonas spp. using swabbing method from cutting boards and knives were firstly examined. Then, the survival of Aeromonas spp. on clean and contaminated cutting boards, stainless steel knives surfaces was studied. Based on the survival data and recovery ratios of Aeromonas spp., expected numbers of Aeromonas spp. on cutting boards and knives were calculated. Mathematical models describing survival of Aeromonas spp. as a function of time were also proposed. Meanwhile, in term of cutting boards as the cross contamination approach, combining survival model and further study were conducted to investigate the influence of the survival of Aeromonas spp. on the cross contamination level. Results indicated that the best fitting of recovery ratios of Aeromonas spp. from cutting boards and knives obtained by @Risk were Normal (0.66, 0.15) and Normal (0.72, 0.18), respectively. And Aeromonas spp. proved to survive longer on the contaminated cutting boards and knives than on the clean ones. Survival data for Aeromonas spp. could be well described by linear model (R<sup>2</sup>>0.88), and models without survival models included would overestimate the risk associated to bacterial transfer. Number of references:17 Main heading:Contamination Controlled terms:Recovery - Stainless steel Uncontrolled terms:Aeromonas spp - Cross contamination - Recovery ratio - Survival model - Swabbing method Classification code:531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 545.3 Steel - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.033 Database:Compendex 7. Accession number:20151700776861 Title:Correlation analysis between drought and winter wheat yields based on remotely sensed drought severity index Authors:Huang, Jianxi1 ; Zhang, Jie2 ; Liu, Junming1 ; Ma, Hongyuan1 ; Su, Wei1 ; Zhang, Xiaodong1 Author affiliation:1 College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 2 Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:166-173 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Drought is one of the most important agricultural meteorological disasters in China, resulting in significant impacts on winter wheat growth and yield. Satellite remote sensing can provide real-time and dynamic surface information and has become an effective tool for regional agricultural drought monitoring. In this study, the drought severity index (DSI) was first computed based on MODIS ET/PET and NDVI dataset from 2000 to 2012 for agricultural drought monitoring at prefecture-city level in winter wheat producing areas of both Shandong province and Henan province, and further evaluated the influence of agricultural drought on winter wheat yield during key phenological periods. The main conclusions from the study are as follows: the results from the Shandong province droughts occurring from September 2010 to February 2011 showed that DSI can not only monitor meteorological drought but can also reflect the spatial variations and temporal evolution for agricultural drought. Drought has varying impacts on winter wheat yield during different phenological stage of the growing season. Generally, the filling stage of winter wheat has the most important impact on winter wheat yield, during which drought induced soil water deficit affects the crops normal grouting intensity and results in reduction of winter wheat yield. The jointing stage follows and drought has negligible effect on winter wheat yield during the green-up stage. The research can provide important reference for agricultural drought monitoring and drought impacts on crop yield in other agricultural regions. Number of references:16 Main heading:Drought Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Evapotranspiration - Plants (botany) - Remote sensing - Soil moisture Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Crop yield - Drought severity - Meteorological disasters - Meteorological drought - Satellite remote sensing - Vegetation index - Winter wheat Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.023 Database:Compendex 8. Accession number:20151700776879 Title:Monitoring video capture system for identification of greenhouse vegetable diseases Authors:Ma, Juncheng1, 2 ; Li, Xinxing1, 2 ; Wen, Haojie3 ; Chen, Yingyi1, 2 ; Fu, Zetian1, 2 ; Zhang, Lingxian1, 2 Author affiliation:1 College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 2 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China 3 College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Corresponding author:Zhang, Lingxian Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:282-287 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:With the development of technology of internet of things (IOT), video data plays more and more important roles in monitoring of facility agriculture. Aiming at the video data requirement of identification for greenhouse vegetable diseases, this paper presents a monitoring video capture system orienting the identification of greenhouse vegetable diseases according to the characteristics of diseases of greenhouse leafy vegetables. The monitoring video capture system utilized the technology of IOT and the information acquired by sensors and monitoring cameras in greenhouse. The monitoring video capture system achieved the goal of intelligent greenhouse monitoring video acquisition by using a designed greenhouse video acquiring method. The greenhouse video acquiring method fused the case based reasoning and fuzzy reasoning, more specially, monitoring videos can be acquired through the greenhouse video acquiring method by matching the data collected by sensors in real time with the combination of environmental conditions in knowledge base. The fusion of case based reasoning and fuzzy reasoning can make up the incompleteness of the use with single method of case retrieval and ensure the accuracy of the data. The system also consisted of the functions of real time monitoring data and real time monitoring video. The results showed that the recall of the monitoring video capture system was 95.4%, which indicated that the monitoring video capture system can meet the video data requirement of identification for greenhouse vegetable diseases. Number of references:29 Main heading:Monitoring Controlled terms:Case based reasoning - Fuzzy inference - Greenhouses - Internet of things - Knowledge based systems - Vegetables - Video recording Uncontrolled terms:Environmental conditions - Greenhouse monitoring - Greenhouse vegetables - Intelligent greenhouse - Internet of Things (IOT) - Leafy vegetables - Video acquisitions - Video capture systems Classification code:716.4 Television Systems and Equipment - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 723.4.1 Expert Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.041 Database:Compendex 9. Accession number:20151700776868 Title:Calibration of discrete element parameters of particle in rotary solid state fermenters Authors:Feng, Junxiao1, 2 ; Lin, Jia1 ; Li, Shizhong3 ; Zhou, Jingzhi1 ; Zhou, Zhixing3 Author affiliation:1 School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China 2 Beijing Engineering Research Center for Energy Saving and Environmental Protection, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China 3 Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Corresponding author:Li, Shizhong Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:208-213 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In order to solve the problem of accumulated heat and uneven condition of contact oxygen during straw fermentation process, the study of mixing motion of straw modeled by the discrete element method (DEM) was conducted. The accuracy of DEM models depends on the model parameters. Based on the image analysis, quantitative analysis of experiment and DEM method's mixing state were conducted. A calibration process was developed to determine the parameter value by experiment of particle's repose angle and motion. The research results showed that the size of subdomain was related to the particle's size when using the image analysis of mixing characteristics. The size of subdomain affected the resolution of image analysis and it could be set as six times of particle's diameter. The order of factors' influence on the staw's repose angle was the coefficient of static friction of particle/particle, the particle density, cohesion coefficient of particle/particle and coefficient of rolling friction of particle/particle. The order of factors' influence on the mixing characteristics of the straw in rotary drum was the cohesion coefficient of particle/wall, the coefficient of rolling friction of particle/wall, coefficient of static friction of particle/wall, coefficient of restitution of particle/wall and coefficient of restitution of particle/particle. The orthogonal test results were compared with the experiment data. The granular material parameters could be used to describe the mixing characteristics of straw. Number of references:18 Main heading:Particle size analysis Controlled terms:Adhesion - Calibration - Fermentation - Friction - Image analysis - Mixing - Stiction - Tribology Uncontrolled terms:DEM - Mixing characteristics - Parameter calibration - Rotating drums - Solid-state fermentation Classification code:741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments - 951 Materials Science DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.030 Database:Compendex 10.Accession number:20151700776852 Title:Design and experiment of spacing-adaptive differential snapping rollers for corn harvester Authors:Jia, Honglei1, 2 ; Wang, Gang2 ; Zhao, Jiale2 ; Li, Changying2 ; Wang, Yu2 ; Guo, Hui2 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China 2 College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:97-102 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Main factors affecting the working quality of horizontal snapping roller of corn harvester when it snaps the corn ear were analyzed. By adjusting the spacing between two snapping rollers, the snapping rollers can adapt to corn stalks of different diameters, so the snapping rollers can hold the corn stalks tightly all the time. Finally, the blocks occur during corn harvester working were solved effectively. The grain losses of corn ears were reduced by adjusting the rotational speeds of snapping rollers differentially. Model of spacing-adaptive differential snapping roller was built by using CATIA, and its simulation analysis was conducted compared to the snapping rollers with fixed spacing by using ADAMS software. The optimal speeds of inner and outer snapping rollers were 900 r/min and 860 r/min which were determined by simulation test of ADAMS. At last, in order to certificate the analyses and design, the field test was conducted. There was no jam occurred during the field test, and the grain losses and damages were both far lower than the national standard which is 5%. Number of references:11 Main heading:Rollers (machine components) Controlled terms:Computer software - Design - Harvesters Uncontrolled terms:Corn harvesters - Field test - National standard - Rotational speed - Simulation - Simulation analysis - Simulation tests - Snapping roller Classification code:408 Structural Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.014 Database:Compendex 11. Accession number:20151700776849 Title:Experiment on breakup process of low-pressure jets with different nozzle parameters and pressures Authors:Jiang, Yue1 ; Li, Hong1 ; Xiang, Qingjiang1 ; Chen, Chao1 Author affiliation:1 Research Center of Fluid Machinery and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China Corresponding author:Li, Hong Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:78-82 and 72 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In order to identify the two characteristic lengths of breakup process of low-pressure jets, the relationship between different diameters and angles of entrance of jet nozzle on the breakup of low-pressure jet under different pressures was studied. An experiment was conducted to investigate the core lengths and breakup lengths of a round water jet. The flow, ranges and ending raindrop diameters were measured under low jet velocity. The results showed that with the increase of nozzle diameter, the flow, ranges, ending raindrop diameters, core lengths and breakup lengths became larger. With the increase of nozzle cone angle, the flow became smaller, the ranges increased at first then decreased, the ending raindrop diameters increased and the core lengths decreased, but the breakup length decreased at first then increased. The ranges and the atomizing condition showed that the diameter of nozzle of 5 mm and cone angle of nozzle of 45° were the best. Correlation equation was proposed based on the analysis of effect of Re and We on the core length and breakup length. Number of references:15 Main heading:Nozzles Controlled terms:Drops Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic length - Core length - Correlation equation - Different pressures - Jet velocities - Nozzle diameter - Nozzle parameters - Round jets Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.011 Database:Compendex 12. Accession number:20151700776843 Title:Navigation system of agricultural vehicle based on fuzzy logic controller with improved particle swarm optimization algorithm Authors:Meng, Qingkuan1 ; Qiu, Ruicheng1 ; Zhang, Man1 ; Liu, Gang1 ; Zhang, Zhigang2 ; Xiang, Ming3 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 2 Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China 3 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China Corresponding author:Zhang, Man Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:29-36 and 58 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Taking agricultural vehicle with machine vision navigation as study object, a self-adaptive fuzzy control method with improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was designed. Firstly, by establishing 2-DOF steering model and visual preview model, lateral control equations of vehicle were described. Secondly, in order to improve the convergent speed of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, an improved PSO algorithm was designed. Finally, agricultural vehicle guidance system was a complex system with high nonlinearity, time-varying and large delay; therefore, an adaptive fuzzy controller was used for path tracking control. Correction factors were introduced into the fuzzy controller and particle swarm algorithm was used to optimize the correction factors. Taking the integral time absolute error (ITAE) sum of lateral offset and heading offset as the objective function, optimal correction factors were calculated by using PSO algorithm. Simulation and experimental results showed that the designed control algorithm could eliminate the lateral offset rapidly with less overshoot and rapid response. It retained the advantages of fuzzy control method and improved the control quality of guidance system. Compared with standard fuzzy control method, the improved fuzzy control method has a significant improvement on navigation accuracy under the same parameters condition. When the velocity of vehicle was 0.8 m/s, the maximum lateral offset of straight path and curve path were less than 4.2 cm and 5.9 cm respectively, which could meet the requirement of agricultural vehicle navigation. Number of references:15 Main heading:Navigation systems Controlled terms:Adaptive control systems - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Airships - Algorithms - Computer vision - Controllers - Fuzzy control - Fuzzy logic - Navigation - Optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Quality control - Reactive power - Remote control - Traffic signals - Vehicles Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural vehicle guidance systems - Agricultural vehicles - Improved particle swarm optimization algorithms - Integral time absolute errors - Particle swarm algorithm - Particle swarm optimization algorithm - Path tracking - Self-adaptive fuzzy control Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 432 Highway Transportation - 434.4 Waterway Navigation - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.005 Database:Compendex 13. Accession number:20151700776853 Title:Study on dynamic hitting force of elastic dentation for sugarcane stalk and mechanism of leaf sheath stripping Authors:Mou, Xiangwei1 Author affiliation:1 Teachers College for Vocational and Technical Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:103-109 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In order to study the mechanism of sugarcane leaf sheath stripping using elastic dentation typed stripping element, the experiments of three-dimensional dynamic hitting force were conducted under the action of elastic dentation on sugarcane stalks. The specialized test bench was designed to fix the stalk at opposite ends by using two fixed components, and one-way type piezoelectric impact sensors were respectively fastened on each fixed component. An elastic dentation driven by the rotating roller hit the middle of the stalk, and the dynamic hitting forces were measured in real time by sensors. After data processing, the maximum values of F<inf>x</inf>, F<inf>y</inf> and F<inf>z</inf> in longitudinal, transversal, and tangential directions were obtained. Four factors including rotate speed of roller, interleaved depth and lateral offset distance between the elastic dentation and stalk, and material of elastic dentation were determined. Single factor experiments were carried out to analyze the effect of factors and obtain the maximum values of dynamic hitting forces in three directions with the optimal parameters combination. The formula of maximum failure force of leaf sheath stripping was deduced and the mechanical model of leaf sheath striping was established which combined with material mechanics properties and leaf sheath stripping criteria. The results showed that the tested maximum values of F<inf>x</inf> and F<inf>y</inf> were equaled to 93.87 N and 138.26 N which were greater than the maximum failure force of leaf sheath in x and y directions, 76.40 N and 53.53 N simultaneously, under the condition that the rotate speed of roller was 700 r/min, the interleaved depth was 30 mm, the lateral offset distance was 20 mm, and the material of elastic dentation was polyurethane with shore hardness 85 HA. Number of references:14 Main heading:Dynamics Controlled terms:Bark stripping - Data handling - Mechanisms - Rollers (machine components) - Sugar cane Uncontrolled terms:Elastic dentation - Hitting force - Leaf sheath - Material mechanics - Optimal parameter - Single-factor experiments - Tangential directions - Three-dimensional dynamics Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 601.3 Mechanisms - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.015 Database:Compendex 14. Accession number:20151700776850 Title:Design and experiment of type 2BH-3 inter-row seeder Authors:Jia, Honglei1, 2 ; Jiang, Xinming1 ; Guo, Mingzhuo1 ; Zhao, Jiale1 ; Wang, Fulan1 ; Wang, Lichun1, 3 Author affiliation:1 College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China 2 Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China 3 Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China Corresponding author:Wang, Lichun Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:83-89 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:A type 2BH-3 inter-row seeder for maize was designed to meet the agro-technical requirements of stubble mulching and row(ridge)-inter-row(furrow) tilling alternately, which can perform inter-row operations including fertilizing, seeding, covering and rolling at a time. In order to reduce the longitudinal length of the inter-row seeder, a multifunctional road wheel was designed, which can serve multiple functions such as land following, depth limit, transmission, soil covering, rolling and soil breaking. The discrete element simulation was conducted to compare the rolling effects of the two road wheels, one with a smooth inclined plane and the other with V-shaped ridges, by using EDEM software. The simulation results showed that the road wheel with V-shape ridges had higher ground pressure, making the porosity of soil decrease by 6.38%~6.93%. Field tests showed that the qualification rate of seed spacing was 89.8%, the miss seeding rate was 2.3%, the multiples rate was 7.9%, the average vertical distance between seed and fertilizer was 3.99 cm, the coefficient of variation of instability of fertilizing between rows was 2.35% and the coefficient of variation of inconsistency was 1.62%. Number of references:15 Main heading:Computer software Controlled terms:Experiments - Roads and streets - Soils - Transportation - Wheels Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Discrete element simulation - Ground pressure - Inter-row seeder - Maize - Multiple function - Simulation - Technical requirement Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 431 Air Transportation - 432 Highway Transportation - 433 Railroad Transportation - 434 Waterway Transportation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 901.3 Engineering Research DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.012 Database:Compendex 15. Accession number:20151700776859 Title:Detection of soil available P content based on near infrared spectra Authors:He, Dongjian1 ; Chen, Xu1 ; Ren, Jiachen1 ; Wang, Meijia2 Author affiliation:1 College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shaanxi, China 2 College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shaanxi, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:152-157 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:The aim of this research is to realize the rapid measurement of soil available P content. The suitable proportion of available P could promote the crops grow. Taking 'Lou' soil as sample, the soil diffusion reflectance spectrum in 900~1700 nm under different observation heights were collected by using the portable spectrographs. Firstly, five observation heights (5, 7, 10, 12, 15 cm) were compared, and 10 cm was considered to be the best. The abnormal samples were identified and eliminated by using 3 times standard deviation and principal component analysis method. That effectively improved the model precision. Then, the effect of four different wavelengths selecting methods (SPA, CARS, sCARS, RF) on modeling was analyzed. The result showed that sCARS was the best. Finally, the different nonlinear modeling methods (RBF neural network, WNN, LSSVM) were experimented. The results proved that LSSVM had the best result. When the observation height was 10 cm, the modeling prediction correlation coefficient was 0.8581, and the prediction root mean square error was 10.8801. The results showed a high accuracy and feasibility of soil available P content prediction. Number of references:19 Main heading:Principal component analysis Controlled terms:Forecasting - Infrared devices - Mean square error - Near infrared spectroscopy - Soils - Spectrum analysis Uncontrolled terms:Available P - Correlation coefficient - LSSVM - Near infrared spectra - Prediction model - Principal component analysis method - Root mean square errors - sCARS Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.021 Database:Compendex 16. Accession number:20151700776881 Title:Early diagnosis of cucumber potassium stress based on vacuolar membrane potential Authors:Hu, Jing1 ; Mao, Hanping1 ; Zuo, Zhiyu1 ; Li, Qinglin1 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China Corresponding author:Mao, Hanping Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:296-301 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:To achieve the pre-visual detection on potassium (K) stress, the microelectrode technique was used to measure the vacuolar membrane potential of cucumber leaves under four different levels of K-treatment. K-deficiency made the vacuolar membrane potential of cucumber leaves more negative, whereas K-excess made the vacuolar membrane potential less negative. An obvious decrease of vacuolar membrane potential could be observed after 2 d of severe K-deficiency plants. An obvious decrease of the vacuolar membrane potential could be observed after 4 d of moderate K-deficiency plants. Conversely, an obvious increase of the vacuolar membrane potential could be observed after 2 d of K-excess plants. The measurement of vacuolar membrane potential in cucumber leaf could be used for pre-visual detection of K-stress 10 d before the appearance of visually morphological changes. All of these showed that the vacuolar membrane potential measurement may be used as an early diagnosing tool for K-stress in cucumber plants. It should be pointed out that the active transport of K<sup>+</sup> does not contribute to the primary generation of membrane potential but is contingent upon an electrochemical proton gradient to furnish the required energy. Ultimately, the establishment of this gradient by the activity of the plasma membrane H<sup>+</sup>-pumping ATPase is the means by which plant cells become electrically polarized. Number of references:22 Main heading:Membranes Controlled terms:Cell membranes - Diagnosis - Microelectrodes - Plants (botany) - Potassium Uncontrolled terms:Cucumber - Early diagnosis - Electrochemical proton gradients - Membrane potentials - Microelectrode technique - Morphological changes - Vacuolar membranes - Vacuole Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 801.2 Biochemistry - 951 Materials Science DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.043 Database:Compendex 17. Accession number:20151700776854 Title:Design and test on cleaning device of peanut pods with double air-suction inlets with vibration screen Authors:Gao, Lianxing1 ; Li, Xianqi1 ; Guan, Meng1 ; Cheng, Jin2 ; Zhang, Xudong2 ; Liu, Zhixia1 Author affiliation:1 College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China 2 Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China Corresponding author:Liu, Zhixia Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:110-117 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:For the purpose to improve the cleaning performance including reducing the losses and impurity rate of peanut picker and harvester with two-stages, based on the study results on the floating velocities of different extraction components of peanut pods, the cleaning principle and scheme with double air-suction inlets combined with vibration screen was put forward. The overall structure as well as the key parts of the proposed cleaning device was designed. And the cleaning device was developed and its performance test and study was conducted under peanut harvest production condition. The parts of pneumatic cleaning named double air-suction inlets contained the front suction inlet and the rear suction which worked separately step by step and together in two steps. The front suction inlet was close to the peanut picker which cleaned lighter materials such as the peanut fruit stalk and the peanut leaf, and the rear suction inlet was close to the discharge port which cleaned immature peanut pods and the crushed stems. The tested results showed the floating velocity of different extraction components of peanut picked gained by means of type PS-20 measuring test-bed, such as peanut pods was 10.30~14.39 m/s, the immature peanut pods was 7.03~8.89 m/s, the crushed stems was 4.51~5.46 m/s, the peanut fruit stalk was 2.80~3.35 m/s, and the peanut leaf was 1.74~2.13 m/s; and the optimal parameters of cleaning device of peanut picker with air double-suction combined vibration screen, three parameters, including rotating speed of crank, height of air suction inlet, and rotating speed of fan, were selected as input variables. The loss rate and the impurity rate as output parameters and the performance test for the cleaning device were conducted. A quadratic orthogonal rotary regressive experimental design was employed to develop the second order polynomial regression models, which explained the relationship between the input and output parameters, and then, the main parameters of the cleaning device were optimized through Design-Expert 8.0.6 software. Experimental results indicated that the most optimum combination was that: the crank rotating speed of 200 r/min, the air suction inlet height of 135 mm and the fan rotating speed of 390 r/min. The loss rate of peanut pods was 1.35% and the impurity rate was 1.75%. Number of references:15 Main heading:Air cleaners Controlled terms:Air - Cleaning - Design - Equipment testing - Extraction - Fruits - Oilseeds - Regression analysis - Rotating machinery Uncontrolled terms:Air suction - Cleaning devices - Floating velocity - Harvest production - Optimum combination - Peanut picker - Pneumatic cleaning - Second-order polynomial Classification code:408 Structural Design - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 651.2 Wind Tunnels - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.016 Database:Compendex 18. Accession number:20151700776870 Title:Prediction model of O<inf>2</inf> volume fraction in controlled atmosphere compartments by liquid nitrogen injection during door-opening Authors:Yang, Songxia1, 2 ; L, Enli1, 2 ; Lu, Huazhong1, 2 ; L, Shengping1, 2 ; Liu, Jiekun1, 2 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China 2 College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Corresponding author:L, Enli Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:223-227 and 222 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Studying the features of gas changes in controlled atmosphere compartment contributes to improve performance and promote the application of controlled atmosphere compartment. In order to obtain the changing regulations of oxygen volume fraction in the controlled atmosphere compartment by liquid nitrogen injection, the air infiltration characteristics under thermal pressure of compartment were analyzed, and then the predicting model of oxygen volume fraction in the compartment was established. Moreover, verification experiment was also carried out. Results indicate that during the door-opening, the shorter the door-opening time is, the faster the average temperature rises. The relative humidity quickly rises to 100% within 60 s after opening the door on condition that the relative humidity in the compartments is 90%~95%, and the average relative humidity is more than 97% during door-opening. What's more, the rising velocity of oxygen volume fraction gradually decreases with longer duration of door-opening, and there is certain error between experimental value and theoretical value of oxygen volume fraction based on theoretical calculation and experiment. However, the relative error between the experimental and theoretical value is within 10% when the door-opening time is more than 3 min. This research provides a reference for predicting matching amount for liquid nitrogen and safety range of oxygen volume fraction for safe operation. Number of references:17 Main heading:Volume fraction Controlled terms:Forecasting - Liquid nitrogen - Liquids - Nitrogen - Oxygen Uncontrolled terms:Door openings - Experimental values - Improve performance - Nitrogen injection - Oxygen volume - Predicting models - Theoretical calculations - Theoretical values Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 921 Mathematics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.032 Database:Compendex 19. Accession number:20151700776857 Title:Stochastic model of irrigated farmland soil moisture dynamics at a point in piedmont of Mount Taihang Authors:Ren, Qingfu1, 2 ; Yan, Denghua2 ; Mu, Wenbin2, 3 ; Pei, Hongwei4 Author affiliation:1 College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China 3 College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China 4 Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China Corresponding author:Yan, Denghua Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:131-141 and 157 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Un-deterministic dynamic of the energy process, water recycling and biological process in farmland is leading from its stochastic components, such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, heterogeneity of soil, topography and so on. The soil water balance is often described as a reservoir that is deterministically depleted via water losses due to evapotranspiration, runoff, leakage, and stochastically receives water from precipitation, so the stochastic property is the inherent nature of soil moisture. Based on the data of soil moisture, precipitation, meteorology and crop from 2000 to 2008 in Luancheng experimental station of agro-ecosystem of CAS on the stage of summer maize growth, the simulation was carried out with the stochastic model for soil moisture dynamics of the farmland at a point in piedmont plain of Taihang Mountain by using Laio model. The results show that the frequency and mean amount of daily rainfall from 2000 to 2008 in study area on the stage of summer maize growth are 0.290 9, 10.71 mm, respectively. And different changing trends were found among the frequency occurrence of different rainfall levels, the light rain and storm showed sharply increase trends, and the opposite trends was found in the moderate rain, for the heavy rain, the trends was slightly decrease. The revolution of soil water content of the growth stage of summer maize was expressed as increasing in June, stable in July, and decreased from August to September, and the maximum of soil water content was found in July, the value was 32.2%. A good agreement between the result of modeling and observation was found based on the curve shape of probability density function which included the curve peak value, the position of the peak, the confidence interval of 90% and the digital characteristic of the relative soil moisture which included the median value, expected value, and the variance (α=0.05). And the Laio model had a good application in the irrigated farmland, and the irrigation was treated as a rain. The amount of the irrigation which could made the soil moisture remained above 80% of field capacity on the stage of the summer maize growth under any loss in irrigation activity conditions was calculated by the Laio model, and the value was 32.1 mm at the probability of 50%. Number of references:22 Main heading:Stochastic models Controlled terms:Evapotranspiration - Farms - Irrigation - Landforms - Moisture - Precipitation (meteorology) - Probability density function - Rain - Reservoirs (water) - Soil moisture - Soils - Stochastic systems - Water content - Water recycling Uncontrolled terms:A point scale - Digital characteristics - Experimental stations - Irrigated farmland - Model and observation - Relative soil moistures - Soil moisture dynamics - Stochastic characteristic Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 961 Systems Science DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.019 Database:Compendex 20. Accession number:20151700776884 Title:Detection of early blight on tomato leaves using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technique Authors:Xie, Chuanqi1, 2 ; Fang, Xiaorong3 ; Shao, Yongni1 ; He, Yong1 Author affiliation:1 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 2 Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville; FL, United States 3 Adult Education College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China Corresponding author:He, Yong Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:315-319 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Early detection of early blight on tomato leaves using NIR hyperspectral imaging technique based on modified gram-schmidt (MGS) model and Bayesian logistic regression (BlogReg) were studied. Hyperspectral images of 70 infected and 80 healthy tomato leaves were acquired by hyperspectral imaging system in the spectral wavelength of 874~1734 nm. Spectral reflectance of 30×30 pixels from region of interest (ROI) of hyperspectral image was extracted. Least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) model based on the full wavelength was established to detect early blight. Five (911 nm, 1409 nm, 1511 nm, 1609 nm, 1656 nm) and nine wavelengths (901 nm, 905 nm, 908 nm, 915 nm, 918 nm, 1123 nm, 1305 nm, 1460 nm, 1680 nm) were selected by MGS and BlogReg, respectively. Then, LS-SVM and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models were built based on these effective wavelengths. Among these models, the correct classification rates were 93%~98% in calibration set and 96%~100% in prediction set, respectively. The result indicated that it was feasible to detect early blight on tomato leaves by using NIR hyperspectral imaging technique. Number of references:16 Main heading:Support vector machines Controlled terms:Discriminant analysis - Fruits - Image retrieval - Image segmentation - Imaging techniques - Independent component analysis - Infrared devices - Near infrared spectroscopy - Regression analysis - Spectroscopy Uncontrolled terms:Early blight - Gram-schmidt - Least square support vector machines - Logistic regressions - Tomato Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.046 Database:Compendex 21. Accession number:20151700776844 Title:Agricultural vehicle path tracking navigation system based on information fusion of multi-source sensor Authors:Zhang, Tiemin1 ; Li, Huihui1 ; Chen, Dawei1 ; Huang, Penghuan1 ; Zhuang, Xiaolin1 Author affiliation:1 College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:37-42 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Four-wheel independent drive agricultural vehicles are widely used in facility agriculture and animal husbandry of material transportation and information collection, but the navigation and control are difficult. A navigation and control method based on optimized information fusion of multiple sensors was proposed. The proposed system was consisted of CCD, acceleration sensor, electronic compass and ultrasonic. The marked path information was obtained by using CCD. The vehicle posture information was got by using acceleration sensor and electronic compass. And the obstacles were judged by using ultrasonic sensor. Meanwhile, several algorithms were presented, including extraction of road signs feature, multi-source information fusion and ultrasonic obstacle avoidance algorithm. The proposed system can identify and avoid obstacles automatically. On the basis of above, a fuzzy control system was adopted to accomplish the car navigation path tracking control. The experimental results show that the method of information fusion and navigation control is correct and effective. Number of references:16 Main heading:Information use Controlled terms:Agriculture - Airships - Fuzzy control - Information fusion - Materials handling - Navigation - Navigation systems - Vehicles Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural vehicles - Information collections - Material transportation - Multi-source information fusion - Multiple sensors - Navigation and control - Obstacle avoidance algorithms - Path tracking Classification code:432 Highway Transportation - 434.4 Waterway Navigation - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 691 Bulk Handling and Unit Loads - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.006 Database:Compendex 22. Accession number:20151700776867 Title:Flocculation kinetics of Chlorella sp. with polymeric aluminum chloride Authors:Ding, Jinfeng1 ; Zhao, Fengmin1 ; Cao, Youfu1 ; Mei, Shuai1 ; Li, Shujun1 Author affiliation:1 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing, China Corresponding author:Li, Shujun Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:203-207 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Harvesting is one of the most critical processes in large scale microalgae culture, which occupies 20%~30% of total costs. As a flocculant, flocculation effect and kinetics of PAC were investigated on harvesting Chlorella sp., and the economic evaluation for harvesting microalgae was conducted. Different dosages of PAC were added into microalgae suspension, after stirring at 200 r/min for 1 min, the content of Chlorophyll was measured at different time. The results showed that five different dosages of PAC exhibited a high flocculation efficiency over 86% after 8 min. The flocculation efficiency increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing PAC dosage. The flocculation efficiency reached to 98.6% when the dosage of PAC was 123.5 mg/L, and the residual aluminum concentration was 132.8 mg/kg in Chlorella sp. biomass. The flocculation mechanism of PAC was charge neutralization and sweeping flocculation, which acted in combination. And the cost was RMB ￥266.04 when flocculating microalgae biomass was 1 kg, which was 68.8% lower than the cost of RMB ￥853.39 by centrifugation. The results of indicated that the flocculation of PAC obeyed the second order kinetics. Flocculation with PAC is feasible for harvesting microalgae. Number of references:20 Main heading:Aluminum chloride Controlled terms:Algae - Aluminum - Chlorine compounds - Costs - Efficiency - Enzyme kinetics - Flocculation - Harvesting - Kinetics - Microorganisms - Polymers Uncontrolled terms:Charge neutralization - Chlorella sp - Content of chlorophyll - Flocculation efficiency - Flocculation kinetics - Flocculation mechanisms - Polymeric aluminum chlorides - Second order kinetics Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 541.1 Aluminum - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.029 Database:Compendex 23. Accession number:20151700776880 Title:Pig ear area detection based on adapted active shape model Authors:Zhu, Weixing1 ; Liu, Bo1, 2 ; Yang, Jianjun1 ; Ma, Changhua1 Author affiliation:1 School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China 2 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:288-295 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In order to find the method of auto screening body temperature in pig's cultivation, the thermal infrared imager was used to acquire the visible light image and infrared thermograph of pig at the same time from side-view. A series of registration and fusion processes were taken for the two kinds of images. A method which was based on improved active shape model (ASM) was proposed to detect the ear area of pig. Firstly, considering the characteristic of the pig ear profile, the marking rules of landmark points were restricted. Furthermore, the non-subsampled contour transform (NSCT) coefficients of fusion image were substituted for the normalized first derivatives of profiles to build the gray-level appearance model of each landmark. Finally, the process of average shape initialization was adapted based on matching skeleton endpoints. 50 images were tested by using the proposal method. The test result of overlap ratio greater than 0.8 accounted for 84%. The proposal method is significantly valuable on extracting the ear root area from recognized ear contour and developing the system of auto screening body temperature based on infrared thermograph. Number of references:22 Main heading:Mammals Controlled terms:Face recognition - Image fusion - Musculoskeletal system - Physiology Uncontrolled terms:Active Shape Models - Appearance modeling - Body temperature - Ear recognition - Image skeleton - Infrared thermographs - Thermal infrared imager - Visible light images Classification code:461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 461.9 Biology - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.042 Database:Compendex 24. Accession number:20151700776863 Title:Biogas production characteristics of biodegradable starch films Authors:Ma, Huan1 ; Xue, Juan1 ; Liu, Ping2 ; Liu, Weiwei3, 4 ; Cheng, Beijiu1 ; Zhu, Suwen1 Author affiliation:1 School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China 2 Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston; TX, United States 3 School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China 4 Institute of Plasmas Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China Corresponding author:Liu, Weiwei Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:180-185 and 253 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Normal maize starch and high-amylose maize starch were served as modal materials to prepare starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blends, respectively. The processes of anaerobic degradation were investigated in detail by evolutions of gas production, pH value in reactors, the potential of biogas-production, the energy conversion efficiency as well as the changes of film structures and compositions, to further understand the influence of the two native starches on biogas production. The results indicated that both of the films had good biodegradabilities in anaerobic condition and comparative potential of biogas-production. Nonetheless, the structure of high-amylose maize starch/PVA film was more suitable and beneficial to the anaerobic biodegradation than the normal maize starch/PVA film, because it could effectively avoid accumulation of volatile fatty acids, which contributed to the stable biogas production, short fermentation period, non-souring in the reactor and higher energy conversion efficiency. Based on the agricultural film yield per year and biogas production of starch film, the corresponding energy production of high-amylose maize starch/PVA film and normal maize starch/PVA film were 3.31×10<sup>5</sup> GJ/a and 3.18×10<sup>5</sup> GJ/a, respectively. It suggested that the starch film is a potential material for anaerobic digestion. Number of references:28 Main heading:Anaerobic digestion Controlled terms:Biodegradation - Biogas - Characterization - Conversion efficiency - Cyclodextrins - Energy conversion - Energy efficiency - Fatty acids - Starch - Volatile fatty acids Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic biodegradation - Anaerobic conditions - Anaerobic degradation - Biodegradable film - Biodegradable starch - Biogas production - High-amylose maize starch - Maize starch Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 522 Gas Fuels - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 951 Materials Science DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.025 Database:Compendex 25. Accession number:20151700776864 Title:Design of temperature and oxygen monitoring system for large-scale aerobic composting Authors:Zeng, Jianfei1 ; Zhang, Anqi1 ; Huang, Guangqun1 ; Han, Lujia1 Author affiliation:1 College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Corresponding author:Huang, Guangqun Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:186-191 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:To obtain real-time data during large-scale aerobic composting, realize automation control, optimize the composting process and improve product quality, a real-time monitoring system for temperature and oxygen concentration during large-scale aerobic composting with high integration and easy portability was developed on the basic of current studies. The system was consisted of temperature acquisition module, oxygen concentration acquisition module, signal processing module and data display and storage module. Performance experiments were operated in laboratory and actual large-scale aerobic composting, respectively. The results showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of temperature monitoring was inferior to 3.02% and response time was less than 45 s; the RSD value and response time of oxygen concentration was inferior to 2.96% and 30 s. In conclusion, the system has good performances such as high accuracy, good stability and fast response speed; it can satisfy the need of real-time monitoring of temperature and oxygen concentration in the process of large-scale aerobic composting and the need of scientific research. Number of references:14 Main heading:Monitoring Controlled terms:Data handling - Digital storage - Oxygen - Response time (computer systems) - Signal processing - Temperature Uncontrolled terms:Aerobic composting - Large-scale - Oxygen concentrations - Performance experiment - Real time monitoring - Real time monitoring system - Relative standard deviations - Temperature monitoring Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.026 Database:Compendex 26. Accession number:20151700776873 Title:Identification of slight bruises on winter jujube based on hyperspectral imaging technology Authors:Wei, Xinhua1 ; Wu, Shu1 ; Fan, Xiaodong1 ; Huang, Jiabao2 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China 2 Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Ji'nan, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:242-246 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In order to reduce storage losses, extend the storage period and improve the storage efficiency of winter jujubes, taking the winter jujubes in Zhanhua City as research object, a hyperspectral imaging system was built for detecting bruises happened less than 1 h on 'Zhanhua' winter jujubes. The 256 hyperspectral images data within 871~1766 nm wavelengths were obtained by the hyperspectral imaging system. The effective wavelengths were selected by using uninformative variables elimination (UVE) method and correlation coefficient method. Eventually, four characteristic wavelengths, 944, 1035, 1187 and 1376 nm were selected. Four images were mapped to four characteristic wavelengths, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used based on the four images, and the first component of the image was selected to future process and segment. Many pretreatment methods were used for the first component of the image, such as gray level transformation and so on, and the method of adaptive threshold was applied to segment. Finally, the slightly damaged area could be obtained. Thus, the slight bruises on winter jujubes were recognized. Independent validation set of 100 bruised winter jujubes was used to evaluate the performance of the developed algorithm. Results showed that 98% of the bruised winter jujubes were recognized correctly. Number of references:16 Main heading:Image processing Controlled terms:Digital storage - Image segmentation - Imaging systems - Principal component analysis - Spectroscopy Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Correlation coefficient method - Gray-level transformation - Hyperspectral Imaging - Hyperspectral imaging systems - Hyperspectral imaging technologies - Uninformative variables elimination - Winter jujube Classification code:722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.035 Database:Compendex 27. Accession number:20151700776847 Title:Research progress analysis of variable rate sprayer technology Authors:Qiu, Baijing1 ; Yan, Run1, 2 ; Ma, Jing1 ; Guan, Xianping1 ; Ou, Mingxiong1 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China 2 Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:59-72 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Variable spray is one of the important ways for precision applying pesticide. In the past decade, great progress has been made in the technology and applications of variable spray. A comprehensive review of current research was presented in following categories: detection technology of variable spray system, control technology of variable spray system, and integration of spraying system. On the detection of crop morphology and density, ultrasonic method for detecting crop morphology was discussed and the error analysis of ultrasonic detection of crop morphology was carried out, the characteristics of ultrasonic technology and laser technology used in crop morphology detection were compared, and the advantages of LIDAR (Laser imaging detection and ranging) used for the detection of structural characteristics and canopy of trees and the superiority of LAI (Leaf area index) introduced to characterize the crop density were specially emphasized. On the detection of crop diseases, insect pests and weed, and the features of some information analysis techniques such as SOM (Self-organizing maps), ANN (Artificial neural networks) and SVM (Support vector machines) etc. used for detecting crop diseases, insect pests and weed were summarized. A point was emphasized that the characteristics of crop cultivation and management should be combined with the detection of crop diseases, insect pests and weed. In terms of variable spray servo system, the existing variable nozzle and its control technology was generalized, and using the control technology to improve the performance of low-cost devices and equipments was highlighted. Finally, the integration of spraying systems was also summarized and the development direction of the variable spray technology was pointed out. Number of references:68 Main heading:Spray nozzles Controlled terms:Conformal mapping - Crops - Morphology - Neural networks - Optical radar - Pulse width modulation - Self organizing maps - Support vector machines - Ultrasonic applications - Ultrasonic testing Uncontrolled terms:Control technologies - Detection technology - Development directions - Sprayer - Structural characteristics - Ultrasonic detection - Ultrasonic methods - Ultrasonic technology Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.009 Database:Compendex 28. Accession number:20151700776869 Title:Digital simulation technology of computational fluid dynamics in agricultural cold-chain logistics applications Authors:Zhao, Chunjiang1, 2 ; Han, Jiawei1, 2 ; Yang, Xinting1 ; Qian, Jianping1 ; Liu, Shouchun1 Author affiliation:1 National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China 2 College of Computer, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:214-222 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:With the development of computational fluid dynamics, the simulation accuracy and reliability are improved constantly. This technology is widely used in agricultural cold-chain logistics for the past few years which has significances to raise temperature homogeneity of the low-temperature environment, determine the goods stack, reasonably control refrigerating time, and improve the economic benefits of overall cold-chain logistics. This paper mainly described the pre-processing, computation and post-processing of computational fluid dynamics, reviewed the research advance of it in store, transportation and market process of agricultural cold-chain logistics, expounded the research methods and application characteristics of the technology, generalized and analyzed the advantages and deficiencies. Moreover, the paper also looked into the future trends of computational fluid dynamics in agricultural cold-chain logistics applications. Number of references:69 Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agriculture - Chains - Dynamics - Fluid dynamics - Numerical analysis - Temperature Uncontrolled terms:Cold chain logistics - Digital simulation - Economic benefits - Low temperature environment - Post processing - Pre-processing - Research advances - Simulation accuracy Classification code:602.1 Mechanical Drives - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.031 Database:Compendex 29. Accession number:20151700776841 Title:Image recognition at night for apple picking robot Authors:Zhao, Dean1 ; Liu, Xiaoyang1 ; Chen, Yu1 ; Ji, Wei1 ; Jia, Weikuan1 ; Hu, Chanli1 Author affiliation:1 School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:15-22 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:The paper presents a method of image recognition for apple picking robot at night. In the stage of image acquisition, comparing different lighting effects of light source, the proposed method selected the incandescent lamp as artificial lighting. And two lamps were placed in different sites to weaken shadow with 60° angle. In the stage of image segmentation, comparing the image recognition methods adopted in daytime, the improved R-G image recognition method was proposed. Referring to reflective areas in the surface of apples, twice segmentation method was proposed to separate reflective areas from images to repair segmented images above. The first segmentation aimed to determine the areas in where apples were located. The second segmentation aimed to determine the reflective areas in the determined areas of first segmentation. Taking no account of sheltered and adhesive apples, the rate of identification on the basis of the statistic of 60 images acquired at night can reach to 83.7%. This paper verified the ability of image recognition for apple picking robot at night and discussed the feasibility of apple picking at night. Number of references:21 Main heading:Image segmentation Controlled terms:Fruits - Image acquisition - Image recognition - Incandescent lamps - Light sources - Lighting - Repair - Robots Uncontrolled terms:Apple - Artificial lighting - Lighting effects - Night - Picking - Recognition methods - Segmentation methods - Segmented images Classification code:707 Illuminating Engineering - 707.2 Electric Lamps - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.5 Robotics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.5 Maintenance DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.003 Database:Compendex 30. Accession number:20151700776860 Title:Soil surface roughness measurement based on color operation and chaotic particle swarm filtering Authors:Li, Li1 ; Wang, Di1 ; Wang, Pengxin1 ; Huang, Jianxi1 ; Zhu, Dehai1 Author affiliation:1 College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:158-165 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:It is easy to measure soil surface roughness by using a reference white board with a scale, from which the interface between soil and reference board can be detected and information of soil height can be read. Considering the low efficiency of manual reading, compute reading will be a good choice. But the impact of field illumination and weed interference makes compute reading susceptible. A soil roughness measuring method was proposed. In the proposed method, images were acquired with simplified reference scaling board. To process image automatically, color operation and threshold segmentation were used to decrease the effects of weeds and shadow, and then the soil boundary and scale were acquired, which would be used to measure the soil roughness. To improve the automaticity and robustness of the measuring method, chaotic particle swarm filter was applied for threshold segmentation. The test results showed that the soil roughness measurement method using color operation and chaotic particle swarm optimization reduced the requirement to image acquirement environment, and could calculate soil roughness quickly and efficiently, with the height error less than 0.5 cm, the root mean square height error less than 5%, and the correlation length error less than 1%, which met the requirements of soil roughness real-time on site measurement. Number of references:18 Main heading:Surface roughness Controlled terms:Color - Image acquisition - Image segmentation - Measurements - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Remote sensing - Roughness measurement - Soil surveys - Soils Uncontrolled terms:Chaotic particle swarm optimizations - Correlation lengths - Measurement methods - Microwave remote sensing - On-site measurement - Root Mean Square - Soil surface roughness - Threshold segmentation Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.022 Database:Compendex 31. Accession number:20151700776846 Title:Hybrid control law for path tracking of dual-differential-driven mobile robot Authors:Wu, Xing1 ; Zhu, Linjun1 ; Shi, Chenchen1 ; Lou, Peihuang1 ; Qian, Xiaoming1 Author affiliation:1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:51-58 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:A dual-differential-driven mobile robot is consisted of two differential driving modules equipped with normal-shape wheels, suffering from constraints of nonholonomic and redundancy in motion. A two-input-two-output nonlinear kinematics model was established for path tracking of the proposed mobile robot and then linearized by the approach of input-output linearization. The need for coordinating the speeds of two driving modules was analyzed when considering the redundancy in motion, and a hybrid control law combining an evaluation function method of error intelligent-transformation with an approach of exponential stability control was proposed. The evaluation function method was used to compute the suitable control output intelligently for different error states so as to convert them into the applicable range of exponential stability control. Then the latter was used to eliminate posture angle error and distance error synchronously towards zero. The results of digital simulation and experiment test showed that the hybrid control law could transform error states smoothly and eliminate two pose errors synchronously, and the mobile robot could track the linear and circular guide paths accurately and steadily. Number of references:17 Main heading:Mobile robots Controlled terms:Asymptotic stability - Control theory - Function evaluation - Linearization - Mathematical transformations - Redundancy - Robots Uncontrolled terms:Digital simulation - Dual-differential-driven - Evaluation function - Input output linearization - Intelligent transformations - Nonlinear kinematics - Path tracking - Two input - two outputs Classification code:731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 921.6 Numerical Methods DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.008 Database:Compendex 32. Accession number:20151700776862 Title:Performance of substrate transport and bio-degradation within annular optical-fiber-illuminating biofilm reactor during continuous photo-H<inf>2</inf> production Authors:Zhang, Chuan1, 2 ; Liu, Xinyang1 ; Wang, Yi2 ; He, Chao2 ; Zhang, Quanguo2 Author affiliation:1 Institute of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China 2 Collaborative Innovation Research Center for Bioenergy, Zhengzhou; Henan Province, China Corresponding author:Zhang, Quanguo Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:174-179 and 117 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:An annular optical-fiber-illuminating biofilm reactor (AOFBR) was developed with photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) attached on the surface of side-glowing optical fiber for the formation of biofilm and continuous photo-hydrogen production. To enhance mass transport and improve substrate bio-degradation efficiency within AFOBR, a two-dimensional mass transfer model was proposed based on the theory of mass transfer and kinetics of bio-chemical reaction. Results on numerical investigation revealed that characters of mass transfer obviously affected biodegradation within AFOBR. With the increase of inlet substrate concentration, substrate degradation efficiency was increased at early stage but decreased later. While, with the increase of flow rate, substrate bio-degradation efficiency was always decreased. The maximum substrate bio-degradation of 43.5% was available with 10 g/L of inlet substrate concentration and 100 mL/h of flow rate. To regulate mass transfer and maintain appropriate substrate concentration within biofilm was proved to be the effect way to achieve higher substrate degradation efficiency within the bioreactor. Number of references:19 Main heading:Substrates Controlled terms:Bacteria - Biodegradation - Biofilms - Bioreactors - Degradation - Efficiency - Flow rate - Hydrogen production - Inlet flow - Mass transfer - Optical fibers - Photobiological hydrogen production - Reaction kinetics Uncontrolled terms:Biological hydrogen production - Biological reaction - Mass transfer modeling - Numerical investigations - Photo-hydrogen productions - Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) - Substrate concentrations - Substrate degradation efficiency Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 462.1 Biomedical Equipment, General - 462.5 Biomaterials (including synthetics) - 522 Gas Fuels - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 741.1.2 Fiber Optics - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 913.1 Production Engineering DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.024 Database:Compendex 33. Accession number:20151700776858 Title:Applicability of Shuttleworth-Wallace model for evapotranspiration estimation of jujube forests in Loess Hilly-Gully region Authors:Wei, Xindong1, 2 ; Liu, Shouyang3 ; Chen, Dianyu1 ; Wang, Youke1, 4 ; Wang, Xing1 ; Wei, Xinguang1 Author affiliation:1 College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shaanxi, China 2 The School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China 3 Unite of Modelling Agricultural and Hydrological Systems in Mediterranean Environment, French National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Avignon, France 4 Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; Shaanxi, China Corresponding author:Wang, Youke Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:142-151 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In the Loess Plateau region, where climatic conditions are dry with severe water shortage, agricultural development is limited by water availability. Several studies have shown that due to high water consumption and poor land management, forest trees induce soil dry-up and ecological degradation in Loess Plateau region. Pear jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is one of the common tree species cultivated in this region due to its high drought tolerance and considerable economic benefits, but there are limited studies about its water consumptions. Sustainable cultivation of vast jujube plantations could prevent these ecological issues in the fragile ecological environment of Loess Plateau. Evapotranspiration (ET), which is the sum of plant transpiration and soil evaporation, is a continuous process of water loss in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. An accurate prediction of ET is necessary for developing agricultural management strategies to improve water use efficiency and ensure sustainable agricultural production. Therefore, the aim of this study on the simulation model of jujube ET would be significant. In addition, the single-layer Penman-Monteith (PM) model is the most commonly used and the one recommended by FAO. However, the model is mostly used for dense canopy vegetation types as the "big-leaf" assumption cannot sufficiently differentiate between vegtation and bare soil. As a measure of PM model weakness, Shuttleworth and Wallace developed a more complex two-layer interactive model called the Shuttleworth-Wallace (SW) model that allows interaction between canopy and bare-soil flue. The two-layer SW model shows a superior performance over single-layer models. In the Loess Plateau, due to water shortage, jujube forests are usually cultivated sparsely with low canopy cover, so it is necessary to select a suitable ET model for pear jujube forest. Based on the forest stand and climate condition, we parameterized the SW and PM models by using the data measured in 2012 and fulfilled the estimation of pear jujube forest ET in the fragile, semi-arid, hilly Loess Plateau region of Mengcha Village in Shaanxi Province, China. Then the estimated ET by SW and PM models were validated and compared through ET computed by water balance theory, while the estimated transpiration by SW model was examined by observation from thermal dissipation probes (TDP) during 2013. The results showed that over the whole growing season, SW model performed better than PM model in ET estimation. Their accuracy was the poorest in the germination and leaf expansion stage and changed following the growth seasons. The accuracy of SW model in ET estimation met the evaluation criteria but PM model did not. The accuracy of SW model in transpiration estimation met the evaluation criteria, but it was affected by the weather condition, specifically, sunny days were better than rainy days. In the stand of sparsely cultivated jujube forest, the reliability of SW was comprehensively validated. Therefore, SW model could be the promising model applied in ET estimation to grasp the law of water consumption for jujube forest and similar stand in the semi-arid Loess Plateau. Number of references:26 Main heading:Climate models Controlled terms:Agriculture - Agronomy - Cultivation - Ecology - Evapotranspiration - Forestry - Fruits - Landforms - Sediments - Soils - Transpiration - Water conservation - Water supply Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Agricultural management - Ecological degradations - Ecological environments - Loess hilly gully region - Pear jujube - Penman-Monteith models - Sustainable agricultural Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 643 Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.020 Database:Compendex 34. Accession number:20151700776886 Title:Visualization of post-paddy wheat rooting system and 3-D fractal dimensions Authors:Chen, Xinxin1 ; Ding, Qishuo1, 2 ; Li, Yinian1 ; Ding, Weimin1 ; Tian, Yongchao2 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China 2 National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China Corresponding author:Ding, Qishuo Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:328-335 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Measurement of crop rooting system architecture and the calculation of root fractal dimensions plays an important role in precision crop rooting management. A technique for root visualization and analyzing was proposed to assess field state post-paddy wheat rooting system architecture. The proposed technique applied a root digitizer to measure wheat root system architecture, and changed the root system architecture into 3-D coordinates. The collected root topology data was then transferred to Pro/E platform for 3-D reconstruction. When the virtual root system was reconstructed, it was projected on three coordinate planes. The projected 2-D root architecture was then analyzed to derive fractal dimensions and fractal abundances. Results showed that the method could quantify the dynamics of the field-state wheat root system architecture. Both root fractal dimension and fractal abundance increased over time. Fractal dimension and fractal abundance in the top plane were always higher than that in the right plane. Starting from 98 d after sowing, a rapid increase of fractal dimension and fractal abundance was observed in the front plane. Fractal dimension was, for all the three projections, strongly correlated to fractal abundance. Also, the fractal dimension and fractal abundance were both correlated to total root length. Number of references:34 Main heading:Fractal dimension Controlled terms:Architecture - Crops - Fractals - Three dimensional computer graphics - Visualization Uncontrolled terms:3D architectures - 3D reconstruction - Coordinate plane - Post-paddy wheat rooting system - Root architecture - System architectures - Total root lengths - Virtual roots Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.048 Database:Compendex 35. Accession number:20151700776856 Title:Soil air permeability model based on soil physical basic parameters Authors:Wang, Weihua1 ; Li, Jianbo1 ; Su, Lijun2 ; Wang, Quanjiu3, 4 Author affiliation:1 Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China 2 School of Sciences, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China 3 Institute of Water Resources and Hydrologic Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China 4 State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling; Shaanxi, China Corresponding author:Wang, Quanjiu Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:125-130 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:The transport process of soil gas is pretty complex. It is influenced by many factors, which are influenced and restricted by each other. It has heavy spatial variation, and the spatial distribution and variation extent present very complex relationship with many factors. So it is very difficult to estimate the average conductivity of soil gas accurately in a large area when this happens in wild. This paper establishes a functional model about soil physical basic parameters and soil air permeability on the basis of data from measured soil samples. The results show that R<sup>2</sup>, the fitting degree of air permeability and water saturation, is up to 0.95 in sandy soil and more than 0.69 in clayed soil, because the clayed soil has higher soil structuralism. The fitting degrees of genetic algorithm system of the above two kinds of soil are more than 0.90. The absolutely relative error between the fitting air permeability and the measured air permeability is less than 0.1 by using this functional model. Furthermore, this functional model proves applicability and has good effect. The proposed method simplifies complicated calculation process of practical application and provides reference to gain soil gas transportation dynamics parameters quickly and easily. Number of references:13 Main heading:Soils Controlled terms:Air permeability - Genetic algorithms - Mechanical permeability - Spatial distribution Uncontrolled terms:Calculation process - Complex relationships - Dynamics parameters - Prediction model - Soil air permeabilities - Spatial variations - Transport process - Water saturations Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921 Mathematics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.018 Database:Compendex 36. Accession number:20151700776657 Title:Structure design and workspace analysis of 3-RRR+(S-P) bionic joint mechanism with offset output Authors:Yang, Long1 ; Qiu, Xuesong1 ; Hou, Yulei1 ; Zhou, Yulin1 Author affiliation:1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China Corresponding author:Zhou, Yulin Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:366-371 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:The 3-RRR+(S-P) spherical parallel mechanism is very similar to human shoulder and hip joint. This mechanism can be taken as the prototype of the shoulder and hip joint for humanoid robot. However, the secure workspace of 3-RRR+(S-P) spherical parallel mechanism is so small, that could not meet the requirements of the shoulder and hip joint for humanoid robot. According to bionics and structure of human thighbone, the design idea of biasing output was proposed. And then, the 3-RRR+(S-P) bionic joint mechanism with biasing output was proposed based on the 3-RRR+(S-P) spherical parallel mechanism. For the bionic joint mechanism and prototype mechanism, there was a certain mapping relation between their secure workspaces. The mapping relation was obtained based on conversion of coordinates, and then, the secure workspace of the proposed bionic joint mechanism was obtained. The 3-RRR+(S-P) bionic joint mechanism with biasing output retained the kinematic and mechanical performance of prototype mechanism, and had a substantially increased secure workspace. The secure workspace of the proposed bionic joint mechanism could meet the requirements of the shoulder and hip joint for humanoid robot absolutely. Number of references:17 Main heading:Mechanisms Controlled terms:Anthropomorphic robots - Biomimetics - Bionics - Hip prostheses - Mapping - Mobile security - Robots - Spheres Uncontrolled terms:Bionic joints - Mapping relation - Mechanical performance - Offset output - Space mappings - Spherical parallel mechanism - Structure design - Workspace analysis Classification code:461.9 Biology - 462.4 Prosthetics - 601.3 Mechanisms - 631 Fluid Flow - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.5 Robotics - 902.1 Engineering Graphics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.053 Database:Compendex 37. Accession number:20151700776883 Title:Quick reflection of moisture condition for plant using leaf tensity Authors:Wu, Yanyou1 ; Zhang, Mingming1 ; Xing, Deke1 ; Zhou, Guiyao1 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:310-314 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:The physiological role of plant, such as photosynthesis, is affected by water status. Water status of the plant can be reflected by leaf tensity. Foliar water potential and physiological capacitance has a coupling relationship with the cell sap concentration. Foliar physiological capacitance is associated with the effective thickness and area of leaf. The ratio of the area of leaf and effective thickness was defined as leaf tensity. According to this coupling relationship, the relational model of leaf tensity and water potential, physiological capacitance was derived. Leaves of Broussonetia papyrifera and Mulberry alba which grow in nature were selected as experiment materials. Physiological capacitance and water potential at different time were determined. Leaf tensity at different time was calculated by using the relational model. The result showed that there were differences between leaf tensity of Broussonetia papyrifera and Mulberry alba at different determination time. The correlation coefficient between photosynthetic parameters and leaf tensity of Broussonetia papyrifera was 0.933, physiological capacitance was 0.926 and water potential was 0.631, respectively. The correlation coefficient between photosynthetic indexes and leaf tensity of Mulberry alba was 0.843, physiological capacitance was 0.820 and water potential was 0.217, respectively. It demonstrated that the leaf tensity could better reflect the changes in water status of plant than physiological capacitance or water potential. Number of references:14 Main heading:Physiological models Controlled terms:Capacitance - Physiology - Plants (botany) Uncontrolled terms:Broussonetia papyrifera - Correlation coefficient - Coupling relationships - Effective thickness - Leaf tensity - Moisture conditions - Photosynthetic parameters - Water potential Classification code:461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.045 Database:Compendex 38. Accession number:20151700776839 Title:Development and experiment of end-effector for kiwifruit harvesting robot Authors:Fu, Longsheng1 ; Zhang, Fanian1, 2 ; Yoshinori, Gejima3 ; Li, Zhen1 ; Wang, Bin1 ; Cui, Yongjie1 Author affiliation:1 College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shaanxi, China 2 Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China 3 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan Corresponding author:Cui, Yongjie Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:1-8 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Fruit nondestructive picking is one of the key technologies of developing harvesting robot. A nondestructive picking end-effector of kiwifruit was studied. Firstly, based on the artificial way of kiwifruit picking and the biology characteristics of kiwifruit stem, a fruit picking method for robot was proposed, which need to separate the fruit from stem and hold the fruit to prevent it dropping. Then, the picking method was verified by a special designed separation test of fruit and its stem. After that, an end-effector was designed and manufactured based on the fruit picking method, which approached a fruit from the bottom, and enveloped and grabbed the fruit from two sides, and then rotated up to separate the fruit from stem. In the end, the performance of end-effector prototype was tested on the most common cultivar 'Hayward' at the Meixian Kiwifruit Experimental Station of Northwest A&F University. The results showed that the proposed picking method could separate the fruit successfully with the least force of 1.3 N when the angle between fruit and stem was set as 60°, which is not significantly different from the manual picking of which the angle between fruit and stem is approximately to 90° in normal. The end-effector was tested on 68 samples (28 in the morning, 25 in the noon, and 15 in the night). All of them were successfully picked and held by the end-effector. Among them, two samples were picked with stem which might be caused by the reason of that the fruit is not ripe enough to be harvested. All the picked fruit were free of damage until ripen for eating. In all, the end-effector could effectively solve the problems of separating the adjacent fruits, grab a single fruit with an accuracy of 100%, and pick and hold it nondestructively. The success rate of picking was 96.0% and the average picking time was 22 s. Number of references:18 Main heading:End effectors Controlled terms:Fruits - Harvesting - Robots - Separation Uncontrolled terms:Experimental stations - Harvesting robot - Key technologies - Kiwifruits - Non destructive - Picking time Classification code:731.5 Robotics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.001 Database:Compendex 39. Accession number:20151700776866 Title:Experimental research of seedling substrate compressed of cattle manures Authors:Cao, Hongliang1 ; Yang, Longyuan1 ; Yuan, Qiaoxia1 ; Huang, Changqing1 Author affiliation:1 College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China Corresponding author:Yuan, Qiaoxia Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:197-202 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Straw and corn cob, taken as additional materials, were added into cattle manure to obtain mixture substrates of straw-cattle manure and corn cob-cattle manure, respectively. The mass percent for the main material of cattle manure was all set at 80% for two kinds of mixtures. And then the mixtures were aerobic composted to generate raw materials for compressing molding experiments. During the experiments, adding content of soil, moisture content of raw matters, and operating pressure and temperature were addressed. Experimental results indicated that adding soil into the mixture substrates could slightly increase the mechanical strength of the mixtures; the mechanical strength of the mixtures without adding soil was also very well, which was capable for planting operations. Moreover, regarding to the effect of the additional materials on the quality of the compressed substrates, the mechanical strengths for the two kinds of additional materials were almost equal. The density of the compressed substrate added straws was larger than that of the substrate added corn cobs, but the ability of absorbing and keeping water of the former was better than that of the latter. The suitable operating ranges for the moisture content of raw matters, and the pressure and temperature should be maintained at 10%~15%, 10~15 kN and 80~120, respectively. Number of references:23 Main heading:Substrates Controlled terms:Composting - Fertilizers - Manures - Mixtures - Moisture - Moisture determination - Soils Uncontrolled terms:Cattle manures - Compressed - Corn cob - Experimental research - Operating pressure - Operating ranges - Pressure and temperature Classification code:452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 944.2 Moisture Measurements DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.028 Database:Compendex 40. Accession number:20151700776848 Title:Experiment on dynamic droplet distribution uniformity for PWM variable spray system Authors:Jiang, Huanyu1 ; Zhou, Mingchuan1 ; Li, Huarong1 ; Jiang, Zhuohua1 Author affiliation:1 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:73-77 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:A dynamic PWM variable spray experiment platform was built up to solve the problems of discontinuous operation of nozzles in spray progress, and improve the homogeneity of droplets, especially homogeneity along the travel direction. This platform included high-speed solenoid valve, a stainless steel pressure tank, a pressure sensor, an air pump, a conveyor and so on. The distribution features of droplets in dynamic spray based on this platform was studied. Water-sensitive paper was used to collect droplets under different frequencies and different duty cycles of PWM controlling signals, also different pressures of spray. Image-processing technology was used to get the coefficient of variation (CV) value of percent area droplets coverage to evaluate the uniformity of droplets. The homogeneity of single nozzle dynamic spraying was evaluated under different experiment conditions. The research suggested that CV value decreased as the duty cycle of controlling signals increased, the frequency of controlling signals had influence on homogeneity, which was CV value decreased as the frequency increased. And what is more, when pressure became high, CV value became larger and the influence was weaker compared to the other factors. Number of references:14 Main heading:Spray nozzles Controlled terms:Counting circuits - Drops - Image processing - Nozzles - Pulse width modulation - Solenoid valves - Stainless steel - Voltage control - Woolen and worsted yarn Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Coefficient of variation values - Discontinuous operation - Distribution features - High-speed solenoid valve - Image processing technology - Variable spray - Water sensitive paper Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 545.3 Steel - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 713.4 Pulse Circuits - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 819.1 Natural Fibers DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.010 Database:Compendex 41. Accession number:20151700776872 Title:Recognition of early hidden bruises on kiwifruits based on near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technology Authors:Chi, Qian1 ; Wang, Zhuanwei1 ; Yang, Tingting1 ; Liu, Dayang1 ; Guo, Wenchuan1 Author affiliation:1 College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shaanxi, China Corresponding author:Guo, Wenchuan Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:235-241 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:To recognize early hidden bruises on kiwifruits, taking 'Huayou' kiwifruits as research object and near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging system as detection device, the NIR hyperspectral image of kiwifruits with no bruises and hidden bruises damaged in 3 h were collected. The sample images were covered a wavelength of 900~1700 nm. It was found that the no bruises and hidden bruises kiwifruits had obvious reflectance value between 900 nm and 1350 nm. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on this spectral region, and it was found that 1050~1200 nm was the optimal band for identifying kiwifruits with hidden bruises. Based on the weight coefficients of the principal component (PC) images in the optimal band and their correlation coefficients of reflection values between wavelengths, four characteristic wavelengths, i.e. 1057, 1090, 1120 and 1177 nm, were extracted. After a secondary PCA, median filtering, threshold segmentation and mathematical morphology, recognition algorithm of kiwifruits with hidden bruises were proposed and then applied on 70 no bruises and 70 hidden bruises kiwifruits. Results showed that the correct identification rates for no bruises kiwifruits and hidden bruises kiwifruits reached to 100% and 95.7%, respectively. The average identification rate was 97.9%. This study indicates that NIR hyperspectral imaging technology is effective for identifying kiwifruits with early hidden bruises. Its results provide basic data for developing online detection system for bruised kiwifruits. Number of references:18 Main heading:Principal component analysis Controlled terms:Imaging techniques - Infrared devices - Mathematical morphology - Median filters - Reflection - Spectroscopy Uncontrolled terms:Early recognition - Hidden bruises - Hyperspectral Imaging - Hyperspectral imaging systems - Kiwifruits - Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging - NIR hyperspectral imaging - On-line detection system Classification code:703.2 Electric Filters - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 746 Imaging Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.034 Database:Compendex 42. Accession number:20151700776851 Title:Constant tension winding system of corn directional belt making machine based on self-adaptive fuzzy-PID control Authors:Zhao, Xueguan1 ; Xu, Liming1 ; He, Shaolin1 ; Xing, Jiejie1 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Soil-Machine-Plant System Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Corresponding author:Xu, Liming Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:90-96 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In the processing and winding process of corn directional belt making, tension control determines the quality of corn directional belt. A corn seed directional belt making machine was developed and transfer functions of constant tension winding system were set up. The fuzzy-PID self-adaptive control technology was used to achieve constant tension winding in corn directional belt making and a fuzzy-PID self-adaptive controller was created. Finally, the software Matlab was used to simulate. As a result, reasonable fuzzy-PID self-adaptive control algorithm was obtained, and fuzzy-PID self-adaptive control algorithm was used in the actual tension control by using Siemens S7-200 PLC core hardware control circuit, as well as the winding experiment was carried out. Test results showed that the fuzzy-PID self-adaptive had better dynamic stability and tracking performance compared to the conventional PID controller and the controller could meet the requirements of corn directional belt winding. When the tension generated step, system transition time was about 2 s and overshoot was in 1.2%. Number of references:19 Main heading:Adaptive control systems Controlled terms:Algorithms - Controllers - MATLAB - Quality control - Three term control systems - Winding Uncontrolled terms:Constant tensions - Corn - Self adaptive control - Self-adaptive controllers - Self-adaptive fuzzy PID control - Stability and tracking - System transitions - Tension controls Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 816.1 Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.013 Database:Compendex 43. Accession number:20151700776840 Title:Early yield estimation of 'Gala' apple trees using image processing combined with support vector machine Authors:Cheng, Hong1, 2 ; Damerow, Lutz3 ; Blanke, Michael3 ; Sun, Yurui1 Author affiliation:1 Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 2 College of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China 3 Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Corresponding author:Sun, Yurui Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:9-14 and 22 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Early fruit-yield forecasting plays an important role in productive and sustainable management of apple orchards. This paper presents a method combining image processing with support vector machine (SVM) technology to build a prediction model for early season apple tree yield estimation. Sixty 'Gala' apple trees were randomly selected for study. Initially, tree canopy images were captured in natural light just after June drop when the fruit color was green. Apples in the canopy image were identified with the condition C<inf>b</inf>≤100 and C<inf>r</inf>≥120 obtained by analyzing the distribution map of color component values in YCbCr color space, in which Y was the luminance component, C<inf>b</inf> and C<inf>r</inf> were the blue-difference and red-difference chroma components. By the same method, the condition C<inf>r</inf>≤125 was used to segment foliage from canopy image with fruit removed. Five characteristics were extracted from the canopy image: fruit total area, total number of fruit, proportion of fruit total area to foliage area, proportion of total fruit area shaded by leaves to total fruit area, and proportion of total fruit numbers shaded by leaves to total fruit number. Finally, the SVM method was employed to build a yield estimation model with these five characteristics as input parameters and the actual yield as output. A randomized sample set containing 50 trees was used to train the model, yielding a coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.724 2, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.71 kg, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 9% and an average prediction error (MFE) of 0.21. Using 15 independent samples, the model was validated, yielding a RMSE of 2.45 kg and a MAPE of 13%. The proposed model showed significant potential for early apple yield prediction of individual trees with potential application to other fruit crops. Number of references:25 Main heading:Image processing Controlled terms:Color - Forecasting - Forestry - Fruits - Image segmentation - Mean square error - Support vector machines Uncontrolled terms:Apple - Average prediction error - Independent samples - Luminance component - Mean absolute percentage error - Root mean square errors - Sustainable management - Yield estimation Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741 Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.002 Database:Compendex 44. Accession number:20151700776882 Title:Development of portable wireless detector for multi-parameter of soilless cultivation substrates Authors:Xu, Kun1 ; Zhang, Xiliang1 ; Li, Pingping2 ; Chen, Shutian1 ; Sheng, Qingyuan3, 4 ; Che, Yunfei1 Author affiliation:1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China 2 College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China 3 Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China 4 Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China Corresponding author:Zhang, Xiliang Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:302-309 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:To measure the parameters of soilless substrates quickly and accurately, based on a self-made compound sensor for multi-parameter of soilless substrates, combined with ZigBee wireless network technology, a portable wireless detector for multi-parameter of soilless substrates was designed. Considering the practicality and convenient operation, the principle of separated design was employed. The detector included a handheld terminal and a wireless compound sensor. The wireless compound sensor, including a self-made compound sensor and a CC2430 wireless module, collected data of water content, electrical conductivity and temperature in soilless substrates, and sent the data to the handheld terminal by wireless. Then, the handheld terminal received the data through another CC2430 wireless module, and progressed with a MSP430F5438A single chip. The measure results can be displayed, recorded, queried and deleted with the help of a 12864 LCD displayer and a keyboard. The tests demonstrated that error range of water content measurement was -0.4%~3.1%, and relative error range was -3.2%~9.6%; error range of electrical conductivity measurement was -0.015~0.179 mS/cm, relative error range was -4.7%~10%; the error range of temperature measurement was -0.63~0.69, the relative error range was -1.1%~3.3%. The measurement error of detector was small enough to match the detection precision of agricultural production, and the detector was suitable for different substrates. Number of references:27 Main heading:Substrates Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cultivation - Electric conductivity - Liquid crystal displays - Moisture - Temperature - Temperature measurement - Wireless sensor networks Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Different substrates - Electrical conductivity - Electrical conductivity measurements - Soil-less cultivation - Water content measurements - Wireless detectors - ZigBee wireless networks Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 732 Control Devices - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 944.6 Temperature Measurements DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.044 Database:Compendex 45. Accession number:20151700776888 Title:Multi-objective optimization of cab suspension system based on Kriging model Authors:Jiang, Rongchao1 ; Wang, Dengfeng1 ; L, Wenchao1 ; Liu, Hanguang2 ; Xu, Changcheng2 Author affiliation:1 State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China 2 Jiangsu Xuzhou Engineering Machinery Institute, XCMG Group, Xuzhou, China Corresponding author:Wang, Dengfeng Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:344-350 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In order to improve the ride comfort of a domestic self-dumping truck, a virtual prototype vehicle model was built through multi-body dynamics software Adams. And vehicle road test of ride comfort was implemented to verify the validity of this model. Taking the suspension stiffness and damp parameters of cab suspension as design variables, the root mean square (RMS) values of floor's vertical and seat's pitching weighted acceleration as optimization objectives, and the deflection of front and rear cab suspension as constraints, the Kriging approximation models were constructed based on optimal Latin hypercube design. On this basis, multi-objective optimization for self-dumping truck ride comfort was performed with particle swarm optimization algorithm, and the Pareto optimal set was obtained. Furthermore, a vehicle road test of ride comfort was conducted by using one of the optimal solutions. The results indicated that the Kriging approximation model with high fitting accuracy could significantly improve the efficiency of ride comfort optimization of self-dumping truck according to different weighting schemes of optimization objectives. The road test results showed that the overall weighted acceleration RMS values on the cab floor of the improved self-dumping truck were greatly reduced with a maximal reduction of 16.5%. Number of references:15 Main heading:Multiobjective optimization Controlled terms:Airships - Algorithms - Automobile suspensions - Automobile testing - Floors - Interpolation - Optimization - Pareto principle - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Roads and streets - Suspensions (components) - Suspensions (fluids) - Transportation - Trucks - Vehicles - Virtual prototyping Uncontrolled terms:Approximation model - Cab suspension system - Optimal latin hypercube designs - Particle swarm optimization algorithm - Ride comforts - Root mean square values - Suspension stiffness - Weighted acceleration Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 432 Highway Transportation - 601.2 Machine Components - 652.5 Balloons and Gliders - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.050 Database:Compendex 46. Accession number:20151700776887 Title:Performance of phase change material wall with vertical air channels integrating solar concentrators Authors:Ling, Haoshu1 ; Chen, Chao1 ; Chen, Ziguang1 ; Ma, Caiwen2 ; Guan, Yong1 ; Li, Na1 Author affiliation:1 College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China 2 Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, China Corresponding author:Chen, Chao Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:336-343 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Due to the limit of heat transfer performance of building materials, the depth of the north wall affected by solar radiation was shallow in the passive solar greenhouse, which weakened the heat storage capacity of the wall interior. In this study, a phase change material wall with vertical air channels integrating solar concentrators was developed to fully strengthen the temperature and heat storage capacity of the wall interior by the active method and improve the temperature and heat storage capacity of PCM wallboards by the passive method. In order to prove the scientificity and feasibility of the identity, the experimental setup of multiple surfaces trough solar air collector and the experimental setup of phase change material wall with vertical air channels were built. And influencing characteristics of the air velocity in the collector and solar radiation on solar concentrators and influencing characteristics of the gap between air channels, the flow direction of heated air, and the velocity of the supply air on phase change material wall with vertical air channels were experimentally investigated, respectively. The results showed that the suitable air velocity in the collector was 1.4~1.8 m/s, and the heat collection rose with the increase of solar radiation. The optimum conditions of phase change material wall were experimentally recommended: the gap was 400 mm, the flow direction was downward, and the supply air velocity was 0.26 m/s. While the experiment was carried out on the optimum conditions, the heat exchange effectiveness was 66.2%, and the active heat storage density was 9.43 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>, 82.3% of which were stored in the block layer. Moreover, the discrepancy of the active heat storage and the heat release was 1.6%. Number of references:17 Main heading:Air Controlled terms:Building materials - Greenhouses - Heat storage - Heat transfer - Phase change materials - Solar concentrators - Solar heating - Solar radiation - Storage (materials) - Sun - Velocity - Walls (structural partitions) Uncontrolled terms:Air channels - Heat storage capacity - Heat transfer performance - Multiple surfaces - Optimum conditions - Phase change material wall - Solar air collector - Solar greenhouse Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 411 Bituminous Materials - 412 Concrete - 413 Insulating Materials - 414 Masonry Materials - 415 Metals, Plastics, Wood and Other Structural Materials - 615 Thermoelectric, Magnetohydrodynamic and Other Power Generators - 616 Heat Exchangers - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 694.4 Storage - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 931.1 Mechanics - 933 Solid State Physics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.049 Database:Compendex 47. Accession number:20151700776658 Title:Motion planning and trajectory tracking of parallel robot with leaf compliant joint Authors:Tian, Hao1 ; Yu, Yueqing1 ; L, Qiang1 Author affiliation:1 College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China Corresponding author:Yu, Yueqing Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:372-378 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Aiming at the errors of compliant parallel robot, a study on the motion planning and trajectory tracking of robot system was presented to improve the overall performance. According to the performance requirements, the structural parameters of compliant joint were designed. The characteristics of compliant joint were analyzed. The analysis model and the kinematic equation were obtained. Aiming at the length errors of links made by axis drift, a numerial method for determining the actual length of drive and driven links was proposed. Based on the radial basis function (RBF) neural network, a model approximation control method was designed to compensate the vibration and the parameter perturbation errors of parallel robot system for tracking the desired trajectory. The virtual simulation model of compliant joint parallel robot system was estalished by SolidWorks, ANSYS, ADAMS and Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that the errors of end-effector trajectory without compensation of compliant joint errors can be reduced by 84% based on the proposed motion planning and control method, which is effective to improve the operating accuracy of compliant joint parallel robot system. Number of references:16 Main heading:Robot programming Controlled terms:End effectors - Errors - MATLAB - Motion control - Motion planning - Radial basis function networks - Robots - Trajectories - Universal joints Uncontrolled terms:Compliant joints - End-effector trajectory - Parallel robot systems - Parallel robots - Performance requirements - Radial basis function neural networks - Trajectory tracking - Virtual simulation models Classification code:404.1 Military Engineering - 601.2 Machine Components - 723.1 Computer Programming - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.054 Database:Compendex 48. Accession number:20151700776876 Title:Implementation of IOT-based greenhouse intelligent monitoring system Authors:Qin, Linlin1 ; Lu, Linjian1 ; Shi, Chun1 ; Wu, Gang1 ; Wang, Yunlong1 Author affiliation:1 Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:261-267 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:According to the monitoring and management needs of the modern greenhouse, a modern greenhouse intelligent monitoring system was designed based on the internet of things. The system was consisted of local monitoring subsystem, remote monitoring subsystem and database. The local monitoring subsystem was developed under the construction of Client/Server, but the remote monitoring subsystem with the construction of Browser/Server, and the database is the bridge between them. The hardware system based on distributed CAN bus was applied to realize the real-time greenhouse environment data acquisition and equipment control. Also, the error data of the data acquisition system was on-line checked by distributing diagram. In order to improve the response and interactivity of the remote monitoring subsystem, the Ajax-based Web data interactive way was applied. Combing the devices' features, the temperature system intelligent control based on hybrid automata was applied to realize the automatic control of the greenhouse environment. The image recognition technology based on Zernike moments was applied to realize the automatic calibration. The infrared network camera was used to acquire the real-time images of the ventilation, and Zernike moments were utilized to extract the image features, identifying the current state of ventilation by comparing with the pre-set states of the system. Then the runtime could be calculated from the current state to full closed state of the ventilation. The tests showed that the system could provide stable data transmission and reliable control, satisfying the intelligent monitoring of the modern greenhouse. Number of references:21 Main heading:Monitoring Controlled terms:Automata theory - Automation - Data acquisition - Data communication systems - Feature extraction - Greenhouses - Image recognition - Internet - Internet of things - Remote control - Social networking (online) - Ventilation Uncontrolled terms:Data acquisition system - Greenhouse environment - Hybrid automatons - Image recognition technology - Intelligent monitoring - Intelligent monitoring systems - Monitoring and management - Zernike moments Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 643.5 Ventilation - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732 Control Devices - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.038 Database:Compendex 49. Accession number:20151700776874 Title:Particle mixing and segregation of binary mixtures in fluidized beds with additional pulsating air flow Authors:Li, Zhanyong1 ; Pan, Bo1 ; Gao, Xinyuan1 ; Hu, Yajun1 Author affiliation:1 College of Mechanism Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:247-253 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Pulsating fluidization has the advantages of high level contact of gas-solid and good mass and heat transfer. This paper presents the studies on two types of binary particles: identical sizes but different densities, and identical densities but different sizes. The experiments were carried out in a two-dimensional fluidized bed which was made of plexiglas with the size of 200 mm (length)×20 mm (width) ×1000 mm (height). Two air streams, steady flow and pulsating flow, were introduced into the fluidized bed to compare their effects on the mixing of particles. Experiments also investigated the mixing characteristics in different pulse intermittencies in terms of Ashton mixing index and the distribution of jetsam concentration. The results show that pulsating flows imposed on conventional fluidization can improve particle mixing at a lower average gas velocity. It is also found that the Ashton mixing index of equal densities binary mixtures is about 18% bigger than that of unequal densities binary mixtures. Thus the effect of density difference on particle mixing is more significant than the influence of size difference for binary particles. Number of references:31 Main heading:Fluidized beds Controlled terms:Binary mixtures - Fluidization - Heat transfer - Mixing - Mixtures Uncontrolled terms:Density difference - Different densities - Different sizes - Intermittency - Mass and heat transfers - Mixing characteristics - Particle mixing - Size difference Classification code:641.2 Heat Transfer - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.036 Database:Compendex 50. Accession number:20151700776875 Title:GIS based visual monitoring system of farmland microclimate environment Authors:Lin, Lanfen1 ; Wang, Ruisong1 ; Yu, Penghua1 Author affiliation:1 College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:254-260 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:The microclimate environment monitoring is significant for agricultural production. Several characteristics of microclimate environment monitoring can be summarized from a variety of monitoring systems. Particularly, environmental data collected by multiple sensors have shown temporal and spatial properties simultaneously. The need for geospatial analysis and data visualization in monitoring microclimate environment became the main focus. In order to achieve this, a certain kinds of techniques were explored including internet of things (IOT) perception, the information fusion and data visualization. Furthermore, a unified interface specification was established to fuse IOT data with geographic information system seamlessly. In order to display and visualize the multidimensional environmental data, a series of visual methods were developed. Moreover, a web geographic information platform was built by using the Baidu Map APIs. In addition, several components were implemented including the geospatial analysis component, visual monitoring component, and some location based mobile applications. Finally, a flexible and vivid visualized monitoring system was formed. The adoption of this system could make it more convenient and easier to visualize and understand the microclimate environmental conditions via different terminal equipments. Number of references:14 Main heading:Monitoring Controlled terms:Agriculture - Data visualization - Farms - Flow visualization - Geographic information systems - Information systems - Internet of things - Visualization Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Environment monitoring - Environmental conditions - Farmland microclimate - Geographic information - Interface specification - Internet of Things (IOT) - Visual monitoring systems Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.3 Database Systems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments - 943 Mechanical and Miscellaneous Measuring Instruments - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.037 Database:Compendex 51. Accession number:20151700776877 Title:Multi-azimuth acoustic scattering data cooperative fusion using SVM for fish classification and identification Authors:Du, Weidong1, 2 ; Li, Haisen1, 2 ; Wei, Yukuo1, 2 ; Xu, Chao1, 2 Author affiliation:1 Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China 2 College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China Corresponding author:Li, Haisen Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:268-275 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In order to solve fish classification and identification problems based on acoustic scattering data, a data fusion method based on SVM posterior probability was deduced, and a multi-azimuth acoustic scattering data cooperative fusion fish classification method based on support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. Firstly, the wavelet packets coefficients singular value feature, temporal centroid feature and discrete cosine transform coefficients feature using multi-azimuth acoustic scattering data were extracted, which reflected acoustic scattering characteristics of fish from different aspects. Secondly, the SVM classifiers made the decisions for features of each azimuth and the results were expressed in the form of posterior probability, each azimuth decision probability was used to weight the decisions of other azimuth simultaneously. Finally, the classification results were the ultimate output. Three kinds of fish were selected as the research objects and the classification accuracy (more than 92%) was presented based on the cooperative fusion method under the conditions of different numbers of azimuth. The processing results of experimental data indicated that the overall classification accuracy showed an increasing trend with the increase of number of azimuth. To examine the performance of classification further, large carp samples and small carp samples were used as training and testing samples mutually. The classification accuracy showed a increasing trend with the increase of number of azimuth in both cases, which reached more than 90% ultimately. The multi-azimuth acoustic scattering data cooperative fusion method based on SVM can improve the correct classification ratios effectively. Number of references:17 Main heading:Acoustic wave scattering Controlled terms:Acoustic field measurement - Classification (of information) - Data fusion - Discrete cosine transforms - Fish - Image coding - Probability - Support vector machines - Wavelet transforms Uncontrolled terms:Acoustic Scattering - Classification accuracy - Classification and identifications - Classification methods - Classification results - Correct classification ratios - Discrete cosine transform coefficients - Wavelet packets transform Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 751.1 Acoustic Waves - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822 Food Technology - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 922.1 Probability Theory - 941.2 Acoustic Variables Measurements DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.039 Database:Compendex 52. Accession number:20151700776845 Title:Variable universe fuzzy controller for tractor hydraulic steering Authors:Zhang, Wenyu1 ; Ding, Youchun1 ; Liao, Qingxi1 ; Duan, Tao1 Author affiliation:1 College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China Corresponding author:Ding, Youchun Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:43-50 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:Variable universe fuzzy controller was designed for guaranteeing the quality of full hydraulic steering control on Dongfanghong-LX854 tractor. The basis fuzzy controller was designed according to the characteristics of the system. The optimal basis fuzzy control parameters under different waveforms and amplitude excitation signals were obtained by using rotation up optimization method in Simulink software. The adaptive fuzzy controller parameter turning changed the system to be an optimal control system by adjusting the universe in the basis fuzzy controller according to simulation results. The windowed Fourier transform and self-convolution were used to design online identification system. The experiment results on the Dongfanghong-LX854 tractor indicated that the variable universe fuzzy controller was better than the invariable universe fuzzy controller. The measured 20° step response indicated that the regulation time was 2 s, the largest steady error was 0.18°, and the response without steady state oscillation. The measured sine response showed that the average delay was 0.3 s. The variable universe fuzzy control system lays a foundation for 2BFQ-6 precision planter navigation. Number of references:22 Main heading:Controllers Controlled terms:Adaptive control systems - Control systems - Fuzzy control - Navigation - Optimal control systems - Quality control - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive fuzzy controller - Amplitude excitation - On-line identification - Rape planter - Steady state oscillation - Steering systems - Variable universe fuzzy controls - Windowed Fourier transforms Classification code:663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.007 Database:Compendex 53. Accession number:20151700776885 Title:Tree crown volume calculation and prediction model establishment using cubic lattice method Authors:Fan, Zhongmou1 ; Feng, Zhongke1 ; Zheng, Jun2 ; Fan, Jiangchuan3 ; Yan, Fei1 ; Qiu, Zixuan1 Author affiliation:1 Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 2 Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing, China 3 National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China Corresponding author:Feng, Zhongke Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:320-327 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:This article chooses ten kinds of common trees in Beijing as the research objects. A 3D laser scanner was used to get the point cloud data of target trees. The tree crown volume was calculated by using the combined method of cubic lattice method and canopy surface triangulation. The tree factors from point cloud data and the calculated tree crown volume were analyzed to establish the estimation equations of tree crown volume, breast diameter, tree height, average crown height and average crown width. The accuracies of these equations were verified. Taking ginkgo as research object, the test results showed that the tree crown volume of ginkgo was significantly correlated to the breast diameter, tree height, average crown width and crown height. Finally, a three-factor (breast diameter, average crown width, crown height) model was selected and verified on tree crown volume prediction of ginkgo. The results showed that the model had a good fitting accuracy of 90.5%. The three-factor model was also employed on other species of trees and the results showed it could be used on the prediction of other tree crown volumes. Number of references:21 Main heading:Forestry Controlled terms:Forecasting - Laser applications - Scanning - Trees (mathematics) Uncontrolled terms:3D laser scanners - Accuracy evaluation - Crown volume - Cubic lattice - Prediction model Classification code:741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 744.9 Laser Applications - 821.0 Woodlands and Forestry - 921 Mathematics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.047 Database:Compendex 54. Accession number:20151700776855 Title:Wear research and improved design of D-knotter wiper mechanism Authors:Li, Haitao1 ; Xiong, Ya1 ; Chen, Longjian1 ; Zhang, Shaoying1 ; Li, Xue1 ; Han, Lujia1 Author affiliation:1 College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery Abbreviated source title:Nongye Jixie Xuebao Volume:46 Issue:3 Issue date:March 25, 2015 Publication year:2015 Pages:118-124 Language:Chinese ISSN:10001298 CODEN:NUYCA3 Document type:Journal article (JA) Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery Abstract:In order to solve the serious wear problem of D-knotter wiper inner cam, firstly, a new structure cam was designed. To be more precise, the original cylinder cam contour was replaced by using the offset arc surfaces of the cam theoretical surfaces, which means the point contact manner of convexity-convexity and convexity-plane was substituted by convexity-concave. Secondly, the surface equations of the improved cam were obtained, and then the pressure angle, initial contact area, initial maximum contact stress were calculated. Thirdly, the original and improved cams were manufactured by the turning and milling machine, which were using the aluminum alloy materials. Finally, a contrast experiment of wear pattern between the original and improved cams was designed, and the results were given by quantitative analysis. The results indicated that the improved cam mechanism reduced the pressure angle by an average of 25% than the original one in the majority of the rise travel. In contrast to the original one, the improved cam mechanism's initial contact area can increase by approximately 50% and the initial maximum contact pressure decreased by 38%. After 10 hours' runs of each cam mechanisms, the improved cam exceeds the original one by 31.7% in case of the width of the wear trace, and the abrasion value of improved cam is about 50% smaller than the original cam. Number of references:8 Main heading:Cams Controlled terms:Design - Point contacts - Wear of materials Uncontrolled terms:Aluminum alloy materials - Contact pressures - Contact Stress - Contrast experiment - Improved designs - Initial contact - Pressure angles - Surface equation Classification code:408 Structural Design - 421 Strength of Building Materials; Mechanical Properties - 601.3 Mechanisms - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 951 Materials Science DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.017 Database:Compendex
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