Crop straw is an important available biomass resource. The comprehensive utilization of crop straw not only acts to keep the ecological balance and promote the farmers to increase production, but also eases the continued tension and pressure in energy and environment. Considering the characteristics of geographical conditions and resources allocation in Northeast China, the total distribution and burning pollution of crop straw were illustrated and evaluated. The technical features, equipment and utilization status of collection—storage—transportation mode and various technologies were analyzed, such as energy regeneration, fodder, fertilizer, raw material and basic material. The characteristic and experience of comprehensive utilization of crop straw in other domestic and international areas were generally studied. The policy measures by state and local governments were summarized. Finally, the future development direction and suggestion of straw resource industry were shown clearly based on policy, technology and the demands of market and enterprise.