In response to the urgent demand for cotton sowing machinery in wheat-cotton intercropping production in the Yellow River Basin, and the limitations on large-scale application of wheat-cotton intercropping technology due to the lack of supporting agricultural machinery, a design of a precision cotton intercropping seeder was presented, which can complete multiple operations, including furrow opening, sowing, soil covering, and pressing in a single pass, achieving precise cotton sowing in wheat-cotton intercropping. Based on the sowing requirements of the wheat-cotton intercropping model, a complete seeder design scheme was proposed, and the structural parameters of key components such as the profiling mechanism, furrow opener, seeding device, soil covering device, and pressing device were determined. Stress analysis of the machine's longitudinal stability showed that the design met the requirements for stable operation. Discrete element simulation of the furrow opening process was conducted to analyze the effects of forward speed and soil entry depth on soil disturbance. Field trials were conducted, with operating speed, furrow depth, and the horizontal spacing between the furrow opener and the seed drill as influencing factors, and sowing qualification rate and missing rate as the experimental indicators. A three-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment was designed to validate the sowing performance of the precision cotton intercropping seeder. The results indicated that when the machine operated at a speed of 3.4 km/h, a furrow depth of 45 mm, and a horizontal spacing of 360 mm between the furrow opener and the seed drill, the sowing qualification rate reached 91.7% and the missing rate was 0.64%, meeting the requirements of wheat-cotton intercropping planting patterns in the Yangtze and Yellow River regions.