Aiming at the problems such as low traction efficiency, short driving range and high energy consumption caused by frequent discharge of the power system due to the intense load fluctuations during the plowing operation of non-road mobile electric tractors, an adaptive energy management strategy for hybrid system combining fuzzy logic control and operation mode was proposed. The non-road mobile operation mode of the hybrid electric tractor was established. On this basis, the energy flow model of the lithium battery and supercapacitor hybrid system under different operation modes was established and the overall power system was modelled. Based on the analysis of the power requirements in the operation process, a fuzzy adaptive dynamic threshold adjustment strategy for the output voltage of the power system was proposed, and its weights were optimized by genetic algorithm with the goal of minimizing the energy-saving rate. Through simulation experiments, the power allocation, the state of charge and energy consumption under four energy control strategies were compared respectively to verify the power allocation effect of the hybrid system in different operation modes under different power allocation control strategies. The simulation experiments showed that compared with the proportional power allocation control strategy, the fuzzy adaptive control method control strategy could relatively increase the total braking energy recovery rate by 61.5%, the relative reduction rate of total energy consumption could reach 19.96%, the peak current of lithium batteries could be reduced by 39.96%, and the driving range of electric tractors could be increased by 19.53%. The results showed that the proposed control method had the performance of improving the traction efficiency of electric tractors, extending the driving range, reducing energy consumption and prolonging the battery service life.