An cellulase hydrolysis process and an anaerobic fermentation process to produce hydrogen from four kinds of common straw biomass were investigated. The hydrolysis of four kinds of common straw biomass and capacity of their hydrogen production were experimented by using fractal-like kinetic. And the correlation between the ability of biological hydrogen production and the growth of photosynthetic bacteria was analyzed. As a result, the kinetic equations of straw biomass hydrolysis and hydrogen production were got. The experimental results show that the effect of straw biomass hydrolysis and the capacity of hydrogen production from large to small are wheat straw, corn straw, sorghum straw and cotton stalk. With the enzymatic degradation, the reduction sugar content are 19.88g/L, 15.72g/L,14.04g/L and 9.41g/L. The cumulative amounts of hydrogen production are 515.7mL, 362mL, 194.8mL and 123.95mL. In this period, the hydrogen production rate reaches maximum in exponential phase of photosynthetic bacteria. Meanwhile, the fractal-like kinetic brings out the direct proportion among the straw biomass hydrolysis kinetic parameter, the reduction sugar content and the cumulative amount of hydrogen production. It lays a reference for further improving the process theory and technology of hydrogen production with straw biomass.