In order to solve the problems of distrust source of animal husbandry supervision data, complicated identification of livestock, and poor confidentiality of sensitive breeding data, an identity authentication scheme based on blockchain technology and aggregated signature algorithm was proposed to ensure the authenticity of the data source and the transmission safety. The identity authentication trust between blockchain nodes and sensing devices was realized, and the fine-grained identity examination from the blockchain network to the nodes and downstream access devices was guaranteed, so as to complete the traceability of identity of access devices on and off the chain of blockchain system. This scheme can complete the identity verification of the equipment and solve the problems of complex individual identification of equipment and difficulty in the asset supervision. The security of the authentication scheme was analyzed. The results showed that the average change rate of the diffusion test ciphertext was 93.61%, and the average change rate of the correlation test ciphertext was 93.28%. In addition, the scheme had efficient batch authentication performance. By dynamically aggregating and forwarding the signature data, the traffic was reduced from linear level to constant level, and the signature verification time was saved by 40.01% on average. It can effectively reduce the data transmission traffic and system verification overhead, and meet the needs of equipment authentication in the process of animal husbandry supervision.