Compost fermentation is a very important technical means of transforming agricultural waste into substrate and fertilizer. In the process of agricultural waste compost, temperature affects the fermentation rate and quality of the compost. Therefore, it is very important to study the temperature distribution inside the compost for the accurate control of compost. However, for fermentation piles with different stacking methods, their volume and height are different, which makes it difficult for the traditional probe sensor whose length of probe and the position of monitoring point are fixed to measure flexibly and conveniently which brings great inconvenience to the accurate control of the fermentation process of agricultural waste. In order to solve the above problems, a combined multi-storey temperature monitoring system was designed which can run in the state of low power consumption. The detection rod of the system was in the form of modularization, and the modules can be spliced freely according to the monitoring requirements. Adaptive identification of monitoring module based on CAN bus, configuration information synchronization and adaptive matching based on JSON text and relational database, as well as human-machine interface adaptive generation of system hardware, server, and WeChat applet were realized. After function test, operation power consumption test and longterm operation test on site, the results showed that the monitoring system can realize real-time data monitoring and low-power operation in the continuous monitoring process, maintain good stability in the whole operation process, and realize the synchronous configuration and information display of system hardware, server side and WeChat applet side, which can meet the needs of multi-storey long-term temperature monitoring in the composting and fermentation process of agricultural waste.