Climatic tendency of warming and drying had been shown distinctly in the mid-latitude zone of the north hemisphere. It was of a series of impacts on the water resources system, especially in the semi-arid regions. Aiming to reveal the water surplus and loss situation by using the remote sensing method in the Naoli River Basin, and then revealing the water balance effect under the cultivated land use change in the basin. The results showed that since 2000, the internal structure of cultivated land in the Naoli River Basin was changed drastically, the paddy field was expanded rapidly from 2000 to 2015, the dryland continued to decrease. The cumulative value of potential evapotranspiration（ET0） showed obvious S shaped curve increasing feature. This basin was in a state of climate water deficit for many years, and the water deficit in the mountainous areas of Raohe County in the west and northeast was significantly larger than that in the central and southern regions, for its overall trend was from west to south. Along with the rapid changes in the internal structure of the cultivated land in the basin, the average water deficit in dryland and paddy fields showed gradual decline characteristics. The water shortage in the paddy field became more seriously. The amount of water shortage showed the decreasing characteristics year by year. The future water use problem in paddy fields would be the core issue for the comprehensive utilization of agricultural resources in the basin. The research results can be used as references and consultancies for the cultivated land management in Naoli River Basin and also the Sanjiang Plain.