In order to monitor the seeding performance of no-tillage corn precision seeder in real time, a seeder monitoring system was developed based on photoelectricity induction of infrared reflection. For optical signal acquisition, a detector of monitoring system was designed with infrared emission diode and infrared photodiode as signal transmitting terminal and receiving end. Through evaluating and calculating the monitoring blind area, the structural and installation parameters of detector were optimized. To improve the dust-laden environmental adaptability of monitoring system, a self-cleaning device for dedusting using a rotary transparent dust cover was designed to protect the monitoring system from dust erosion. A hardware circuit of monitoring system with functions of seeding signal acquisition, working speed gathering, dedusting motor control and alarm display was developed. And a software algorithm with time difference of neighbor falling seeds as key parameter was studied to judge normal seeding, seed missing and reseeding. To test the precision of monitoring system, a bench experiment was conducted. The experimental results showed that the monitoring system had accuracies of 98.5% in seeding quantity, 95.1% in seed missing, 85.6% in reseeding, and had an accuracy of 98.1% in seeding quantity in the emulated environment of dust adhesion, which indicated that the monitoring system had high precision in monitoring the seeding performance, and achieved good effect for dedusting. This system can meet the requirement of working monitoring for no-tillage precision seeder, and it can help to improve sowing quality.