Field plot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the powdered, ammoniated straw and/or blending with inorganic soil amendment (calcium sulfate) on soil moisture and crop yields in summer maize and winter wheat rotation systems. The results showed that the ammoniated straw could improve soil storage ability for precipitation, compared with CK1, and significantly increase the soil water storage (0~100 cm). The ammoniated straw improving soil water storage ability was observed mainly in seedling stage of summer maize and heading stage of winter wheat in the crops rotation spectively. Treatment, the powdered and ammoniated straw blended with calcium sulfate, compared with CK1, could significantly increase ecnomic yield of summer maize, winter wheat by 4.97% and 30.32%, respectively. The ammoniated straw returned to soil,compared with the unammoniated straw mulched soil, could distinctly increase yields of summer maize, winter wheat by 4.56%~10.00% and 6.65%~11.12%. 