2025年第9期

2025年第9期

2025年第9期共收录70篇

1. Estimation of Clorophyll Content in Rice Based on Improved PIOSL Radiative Transfer Model

Accession number: 20253919240567

Title of translation: 基于改进PIOSL辐射传输模型的水稻叶绿素含量估测研究

Authors: Zhu, Shengfan (1, 2); Bai, Juchi (1, 2); Jin, Zhongyu (1, 2); Xiang, Shuang (1, 2); Yu, Fenghua (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) National Digital Agriculture Regional Innovation Sub-center, Northeast China, Shenyang; 110866, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 576-584 and 637

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Chlorophyll (Cab), as the core pigment of photosynthesis, serves as a vital indicator for rice leaf growth, nutritional status, and senescence processes. When detecting Cab content by using the PIOSL model, the model distinguished the first cellular layer from other leaf tissue layers, quantitatively calculated leaf reflectance spectra, and estimated leaf physicochemical properties based on spectral characteristics. However, the model’s description of leaf surface geometric features was not fully quantified, and it assumed only a fixed ideal incident light angle. These limitations restricted the simulation accuracy of leaf hyperspectral reflectance to some extent, thereby affecting the precision of Cab content inversion in rice leaves by using radiative transfer methods. Building upon the existing PIOSL model, the PIOSL - B model was developed by incorporating the BRDF function. Firstly, the PIOSL - B model was used to perform forward simulations and construct a “hyperspectral-chlorophyll” dataset. The simulated spectra of two randomly selected samples from the dataset were compared with those from the PIOSL and PROSPECT models. The results showed that the PIOSL - B model simulated spectra closely matched the measured spectra, with RMSE values of 0. 015 μg/cm2 and 0.011 μg/cm2, demonstrating higher accuracy than the PIOSL and PROSPECT models. Nextly, the SPA and CARS algorithms were employed to extract characteristic wavelengths of hyperspectral reflectance for rice leaf Cab content. The SPA algorithm selected fewer wavelengths compared with CARS, with most features located at positions where the spectral curves exhibited significant changes, effectively capturing the essential spectral information. Therefore, the wavelengths selected by the SPA algorithm were used as inputs. Finally, a random forest algorithm was applied to establish an inversion model for rice leaf Cab content. The results revealed that the Cab inversion model based on the PIOSL - B dataset achieved an R2 of 0. 817 and an RMSE of 4. 586 μg/cm2, significantly outperforming models constructed using the PIOSL and PROSPECT datasets. Additionally, it demonstrated superior inversion accuracy compared with the extreme learning machine (ELM) approach. These findings indicated that the PIOSL - B model can effectively establish a quantitative relationship between rice leaf spectra and chlorophyll content, enabling accurate inversion of rice chlorophyll content. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 18

Main heading: Chlorophyll

Controlled terms: Curve fitting? - ?Geometry? - ?Optimization? - ?Physicochemical properties? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Radiative transfer? - ?Random forests? - ?Reflection? - ?Remote sensing

Uncontrolled terms: B-models? - ?Blade Surface? - ?Blade surface geometrical characteristic? - ?Geometrical characteristics? - ?PIOSL - B? - ?PROSPECT model? - ?Radiative transfer modelling? - ?Rice chlorophyll? - ?Rice leaves? - ?Simulated spectra

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?801.3 Physical Chemistry? - ?804.1 Organic Compounds? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques? - ?1201.9 Numerical Methods? - ?1201.14 Geometry and Topology? - ?1301.3 Optics? - ?1301.6 Radiation

Numerical data indexing: Linear density 1.10E-09kg/m, Linear density 1.50E-06kg/m, Linear density 5.86E-05kg/m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.048

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

2. Rice Processing Precision Identification Method Based on Image Processing and Convolutional Neural Network

Accession number: 20253919240600

Title of translation: 基于图像处理和卷积神经网络的大米加工精度识别方法研究

Authors: Zhu, Rui (1); Xia, Yu (1); Ji, Fan (1); Chen, Kunjie (1); Chen, Zixuan (2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 211800, China; (2) Nanjing Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing; 210014, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 751-758

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Rapid and accurate identification of the rice processing precision is essential for achieving automated control of rice milling process. Images of rice milled for different durations were collected and processed through filtering and compression to create datasets of various precision levels. Based on three classical convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures, including LeNet - 5, AlexNet, and VGG - 16, targeted optimization strategies were applied to develop three improved models for rice processing precision identification. Experimental analyses were conducted to compare the performance of these improved methods. The experimental results revealed that introducing two sub-convolutional network branches with kernel sizes of 9 × 9 and 11 × 11 to the LeNet - 5 model led to the increase in recognition accuracy from 82. 23% to 92. 53%. Regarding the AlexNet model, removing two fully connected layers and adopting conventional pooling increased its recognition accuracy from 92. 89% to 96. 73%. Most notably, the VGG - 16 model, after incorporating maximum relevance minimum redundancy (MRMR) feature selection. Dropout, and group normalization ( GN ) layers, achieved an accuracy of 98. 87% . This represented a improvement of 7.56 percentage points over the original model, ultimately making improved VGG-16 the most accurate model among all tested models. Consequently, this demonstrated that the improved VGG - 16 model was highly effective for accurate identification of rice processing precision levels. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Feature extraction

Controlled terms: Convolution? - ?Convolutional neural networks? - ?Image processing? - ?Milling (machining)

Uncontrolled terms: Convolutional neural network? - ?Features selection? - ?Identification method? - ?Maximum relevance minimum redundancies? - ?Maximum relevance minimum redundancy feature selection? - ?Precision identification? - ?Processing precision? - ?Recognition accuracy? - ?Rice processing

Classification code: 604.2 Machining Operations? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1101.2.1 Deep Learning? - ?1106.3.1 Image Processing

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 2.30E+01% to 9.20E+01%, Percentage 5.30E+01%, Percentage 7.30E+01%, Percentage 8.70E+01%, Percentage 8.90E+01% to 9.60E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.065

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

3. Cold-region Dry Direct-seeded Rice Plant Detection Method Based on Improved YOLO v11n

Accession number: 20253919240578

Title of translation: 基于改进YOLO vlln的寒地旱直播水稻植株检测方法研究

Authors: Zhao, Bin (1, 2); Li, Mingyang (1); Wang, Song (1); Wang, Di (1); Sun, Bo (1); Xiao, Yanwei (1); Chen, Xiucheng (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (2) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Machinery Equipment, Daqing; 163319, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 585-595

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the challenges of high planting density and difficult seedling detection in dryland direct-seeded rice at 3 - 4 leaf stages, an improved YOLO v11n-TFO model was proposed for precise seedling counting in complex northeastern dryland environments. Firstly, the C3k2 convolution block was enhanced by omni-dimensional dynamic convolution ( ODConv ) to strengthen shallow feature extraction and improve environmental adaptability. Secondly, spatial pyramid pooling fast (SPPF) was replaced with FocalModulation ( FM) mechanism, achieving multi-scale feature interaction and attention fusion to preserve critical seedling characteristics. Thirdly, Triple Attention ( TA ) mechanism was integrated into the C2PSA module of backbone network, establishing multi-dimensional feature enhancement strategy for deeper feature representation. A dedicated dataset of dryland direct-seeded rice seedling images was constructed for model training and validation. The test results showed that the detection precision (P), recall (R), mean average precision ( mAP50 ) and detection speed of the improved YOLO v11n-TFO dry live seedling detection algorithm were 88.2%, 79.6%, 89.4%, and 217. 9 f/s, respectively, of which the mAP50 was improved by 6. 5 percentage points compared with the pre-improvement period, and the model floating-point computation was 6. 0 × 109, which was lower than the mainstream target detection model, and more than 87% accuracy in counting dry-drilled seedlings in the constructed testing platform. The proposed YOLO v11n-TFO-based detection model effectively balanced detection accuracy and computational efficiency while maintaining good interpretability, meeting the requirements for dry direct-seeded rice plant counting in cold regions. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 37

Main heading: Object detection

Controlled terms: Computational efficiency? - ?Convolution? - ?Digital arithmetic? - ?Extraction? - ?Feature extraction? - ?Object recognition? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Seed? - ?Software testing

Uncontrolled terms: ‘Dry’ [? - ?Cold regions? - ?Dry direct-seeded rice? - ?Dry land? - ?Features extraction? - ?Multi dimensional? - ?Multi-dimensional feature extraction? - ?Objects detection? - ?Rice plants? - ?YOLO v11n

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?802.3 Chemical Operations? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1102.1 Computer Theory, Includes Computational Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory? - ?1106.3.1 Image Processing? - ?1106.8 Computer Vision? - ?1106.9 Computer Software

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 7.96E+01%, Percentage 8.70E+01%, Percentage 8.82E+01%, Percentage 8.94E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.049

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

4. Design and Experiment of Combined Seed Furrow Opener for Rapeseed Direct Seeder in Rice Stubble Field

Accession number: 20253919240551

Title of translation: 稻茬田油菜直播机组合式开种沟装置设计与试验

Authors: Yan, Huan (1); Wei, Guoliang (2); Zhang, Qingsong (1, 3); Lu, Changkang (1); Cai, Jiashun (1); Liao, Qingxi (1, 3); Liao, Yitao (1, 3)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Agricultural Machinery Appraisal Station, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan; 430068, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 199-211

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In the Mid-lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, the soil is sticky and harden during the direct seeding of rape after rice harvest, and the residual amount of rice straw is large. The components of the direct seeding machine are easy to adhere and block, resulting in poor consistency of the depth of the seed furrow and inequality of the seed bed surface. A combined seed opening furrow device for rape direct seeding machine in rice stubble field was developed to realize profiling flat surface, ditching and seeding operation. According to the requirements of rapeseed direct seeding operation in rice stubble field, the key parameters such as spinning ditching plate, profiling flat plate and boot type seed guide device were designed. The simulation model of soil and combined ditching device was established by EDEM — RecurDyn coupling method. The influence of the diameter of spinning ditching disc, the connecting mechanism of profiling flat plate and the profiling connecting mechanism of boot-type seed guide on the depth consistency coefficient of ditching and the flatness of chamber surface was studied. The three-factor and five-level orthogonal rotation center combination test method was used to carry out the simulation test with the diameter of the spinning ditching disc, the pre-tightening force of the profiling connection spring of the profiling flat plate and the pre-tightening force of the profiling connection spring of the boot type seed guide as the test factors, and the flatness of the box Y and the consistency coefficient U of the opening ditch depth as the evaluation indexes. The results showed that when the diameter of the spinning ditching disc was 140 mm, the pre-tightening force of the profiling connection spring of the profiling flat plate was 350 N, and the pre-tightening force of the profiling connection spring of the boot type seed guide was 40 N, the consistency coefficient of the opening ditch depth was 90. 7 1 %, and the flatness of the box was 13.45 mm. The soil bin test of different operating speeds was carried out on the optimized combined seed ditch device, and the consistency coefficient of the depth of the seed ditch was 8 5 . 3 % - 9 1 . 7 8 % . The results of field experiment showed that there was no grass wrapping and soil blocking phenomenon in the combined furrow opening device during the operation of the machine. After the operation, the average depth of the furrow was 19. 8 mm, the consistency coefficient of the depth of the furrow was 89. 85%, and the average flatness of the surface was 16. 2 mm. All indicators met the requirements of rapeseed planting seedbed. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 27

Main heading: Oilseeds

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Couplings? - ?Disks (machine components)? - ?Soil testing? - ?Soils? - ?Springs (components)

Uncontrolled terms: Consistency coefficient? - ?Coupling simulation? - ?DEM — MBD coupling simulation? - ?Direct-seeding? - ?Flat plate? - ?Flatter surfaces? - ?Furrow openers? - ?Profile modeling? - ?Rapeseed direct seeder? - ?Seed furrow opener

Classification code: 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?602.1 Mechanical Drives? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1502.1.1.4.3 Soil Pollution Control

Numerical data indexing: Force 3.50E+02N, Force 4.00E+01N, Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Percentage 8.50E+01%, Size 1.345E-02m, Size 1.40E-01m, Size 2.00E-03m, Size 8.00E-03m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.017

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

5. Design and Test of Motor-driven Control System for Maize Twin-row Staggered Planting Seeder

Accession number: 20253919240614

Title of translation: 玉米双行交错种植播种机电机驱动控制系统设计与试验

Authors: Xiao, Yuejin (1); Ling, Lin (1, 2); Meng, Zhijun (1); Liu, Rui (1); Wu, Guangwei (1); Li, Liwei (1); Dong, Jianjun (1); Yan, Bingxin (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400716, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 73-82 and 163

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Although twin-row staggered planting offers signifieant yield-increasing potential, most existing equipment relies on specialized seed metering devices, which limits general applicability and large-scale adoption. Moreover, current motor-driven seed metering systems mainly focus on intra-row control and have not yet achieved effective integration with the agronomic requirements of double-row staggered planting, thereby limiting further improvements in sowing quality. To address these issues, an inter-row staggered planting control method was proposed based on a fixed phase difference synchronization of master-slave motors while utilizing existing seed metering devices, and an electric-driven double-row staggered corn planting system was designed. The system utilized GNSS-based speed measurement, calculated target motor speed based on planting parameters, and transmited commands to the motor controllers via CAN bus. Motor controllers employed field-oriented control (FOC) to drive permanent magnet synchronous motors, thereby achieving uniform intra-row seed spacing. Furthermore, a master-slave tracking control method enabled the two motors to operate synchronously with a fixed phase difference, ensuring inter-row staggered seeding. Field test results showed that, at operating speeds of 3 - 1 2 km/h and an intrarow spacing of 20 cm, the singlerow seed spacing qualified index was greater than or equal to 92. 4 8 %, the multiple seeding index was less than or equal to 0. 7 8 %, the miss index was less than or equal to 6. 7 4 %, and the coefficient of variation was less than or equal to 2 1 . 0 6 %; at operating speeds of 3 ~ 9 km/h and a twin-row stagger (offset) spacing of 10 cm, the qualified index was greater than or equal to 75. 87%, the multiple seeding index was less than or equal to 12. 5 1 %, the miss index was less than or equal to 11. 62%, and the coefficient of variation less than or equal to 25. 14% . Due to severe seed bouncing inside the seed tube at high speed, the staggered seeding quality at 12 km/h declined markedly and failed to meet the seeding quality requirements of the industry standard JB/T 10293—2013 Technical Conditions for Single (Precision) Seed Drills. The research result can provide solid technical support for highyield and highefficiency maize production and the intelligent upgrading of seeding equipment. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 26

Main heading: Controllers

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Electric control equipment? - ?Electric drives? - ?Electric machine control? - ?Grain (agricultural product)? - ?Permanent magnets? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Quality control? - ?Seed? - ?Synchronous motors ? - ?Traction motors

Uncontrolled terms: Double rows? - ?Maize? - ?Master-slave tracking? - ?Master-slave tracking control? - ?Motor drive control? - ?Motor-drive control system? - ?Plantings? - ?Seed-metering device? - ?Tracking controls? - ?Twin-row staggered planting seeder

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?601.3 Mechanisms? - ?602.1 Mechanical Drives? - ?704.1 Electric Components? - ?704.2 Electric Equipment? - ?705.1 Electric Machinery? - ?705.3 Electric Motors? - ?705.3.1 AC and DC Motors? - ?731.2 Control System Applications? - ?732.1 Control Equipment? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?913.3 Quality Assurance and Control

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 1.40E+01%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 6.00E+00%, Percentage 6.20E+01%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Percentage 8.70E+01%, Size 1.00E-01m, Size 1.20E+04m, Size 2.00E+03m, Size 2.00E-01m, Size 3.00E+03m to 9.00E+03m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.006

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

6. Survey of Research on Large Language Models in Agriculture

Accession number: 20253919240571

Title of translation: 农业领域大语言模型研究进展

Authors: Wang, Yaojun (1); Xu, Guowei (1); Zhu, Jianjun (1); Bie, Yuhui (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 240-256

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: As a core driving force in artificial intelligence, large language models (LLMs) leverage their powerful capabilities in semantic understanding, logical reasoning, and multimodal information processing to achieve deep analysis and intelligent generation from vast unstructured data. In recent years, through their exceptional performance in processing complex agricultural information and aiding precision decision-making, LLM technologies have shown immense potential to enhance knowledge acquisition, empower intelligent pest and disease diagnosis, and optimize production management. They were poised to provide foundational technological support for elevating smart farming to a more advanced stage of cognitive intelligence. The landscape of LLMs was systematically reviewed from the evolution of foundational models to their flourishing application ecosystem. It provided an in-depth analysis of the current research status in agricultural question answering, multimodal applications, and decision support systems, while also identifying challenges such as data scarcity, model reliability, and deployment costs. Furthermore, it was outlined the key solutions centered on retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), multimodal fusion, and agent technology, discussing their critical roles in overcoming model knowledge limitations and integrating multi-source data. Through an analysis of typical application cases like intelligent pest and disease diagnosis and precision crop management, the value and significance of LLMs in empowering modern agriculture were clarified. Finally, it provided an outlook on the future development of LLMs in agriculture. It posited that future technological evolution would focus on the deep coupling of models with knowledge graphs, the comprehensive enhancement of multimodal perceptual capabilities, and the establishment of responsible AI governance frameworks. These advancements were expected to collectively drive the transformation of agricultural intelligence from apassive auxiliary tool into an active decision-making partner, ultimately providing a powerful technological impetus for achievin g refined management and sustainable development in agriculture. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 97

Main heading: Decision support systems

Controlled terms: Crops? - ?Decision making? - ?Intelligent agents? - ?Knowledge acquisition? - ?Knowledge management? - ?Precision agriculture? - ?Smart agriculture

Uncontrolled terms: Agricultural decision support? - ?Agricultural decision support system? - ?Agricultural knowledge question-answering system? - ?Decisions makings? - ?Language model? - ?Large language model for agriculture? - ?Multi-modal? - ?Question answering systems? - ?Retrieval-augmented generation? - ?Support systems

Classification code: 821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?912.2 Management? - ?1101 Artificial Intelligence? - ?1106 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications? - ?1106.5 Computer Applications? - ?1106.9 Computer Software

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.019

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

7. Design and Experiment of Winter Wheat Pneumatic Collection and Discharge Seeder Based on Intercropping Mode

Accession number: 20253919240464

Title of translation: 基于套种模式的气力集排式小麦播种机设计与试验

Authors: Wang, Long (3); Gu, Boxuan (3); Hu, Can (1, 2); Shi, Lu (3); Duan, Aiguo (3); Wang, Xufeng (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar; 843300, China; (2) Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(XPCC), Key Laboratory of Utilization and Equipment of Special Agricultural and Forestry Products in Southern Xinjiang, Alar; 843300, China; (3) Alar Agricultural Development Service Center, Alar; 843300, China

Corresponding author: Wang, Xufeng(wxfwyq@126.com)

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 129-139

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the issues of low seeding efficiency of mechanical wheat seeders that cannot adapt to high-speed continuous seeding and precision seeding, as well as the insufficient adaptation between the agronomic standards of intercropping patterns and mechanization, a pneumatic centralized wheat seeder based on the “ winter wheat + “ intercropping pattern was designed. The overall structure and working principle of the seeder were expounded, key components such as the pneumatic centralized system and centralized quantitative seeding system were analyzed, and key parameters affecting seeding quality, including the suspension velocity of wheat, pneumatic conveying velocity, and pipeline diameter, were theoretically analyzed. A corrugated booster pipe was adopted to optimize airflow distribution, and a Venturi mixing device was integrated to achieve uniform transportation of gas-solid two-phase flow. A bench test device was built, and a three-factor three-level Box — Behnken test (a response surface methodology) was conducted to analyze the effects of outer groove wheel speed, wind speed, and the number of corrugations in the booster pipe on seeding uniformity, followed by the establishment of a second-order regression model. The results showed that wind speed had the most significant effect on the coefficient of variation, with the optimal parameter combination being an outer groove wheel speed of 35 r/min, a wind speed of 27 m / s, and nine corrugations in the booster pipe. Finally, field tests verified that the consistency coefficient of variation of row displacement of the pneumatic centralized seeder at an operating speed of 8. 5 k m / h was 3. 1 5 %, the broken strip rate was 1. 8 3 %, and the seeding uniformity met the requirements of intercropping agronomy. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 26

Main heading: Pneumatics

Controlled terms: Agronomy? - ?Crops? - ?Pneumatic conveyors? - ?Regional planning? - ?Regression analysis? - ?Seed? - ?Suspensions (components)? - ?Wheels? - ?Wind

Uncontrolled terms: Boosting tube? - ?Centralised? - ?Coefficients of variations? - ?Interplanting? - ?Interplanting m o d e? - ?Pneumatic collection and exhaust system? - ?Wheat? - ?Wheel speed? - ?Wind speed? - ?Winter wheat

Classification code: 403.2 Regional Planning and Development? - ?443.1 Atmospheric Properties? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?601.3 Mechanisms? - ?692.1 Conveyors? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics? - ?1401.3 Pneumatics, Equipment and Machinery

Numerical data indexing: Angular velocity 5.845E-01rad/s, Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Velocity 2.70E+01m/s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.011

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

8. Design and Experiment of Peumatic-assisted Seed Collector for Rapeseed and Wheat

Accession number: 20253919240610

Title of translation: 油麦兼用气力辅助导种集排器设计与试验

Authors: Tan, Yu (1); Zhang, Yi (1); Jin, Ying (1); Liao, Qingxi (1, 2); Li, Wencheng (1, 2); Liao, Yitao (1, 2)

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 105-116 and 187

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: The aim was to address the issue that, although rapeseed and wheat have adjacent sowing periods and similar sowing processes, their seed shapes, sizes and sowing quantities differ greatly. There was also a lack of suitable seed discharging devices for the development of oil-wheat dual-use seeders. An oil-wheat dual-use pneumatic-assisted seed-guiding collector combining the mechanical seed supply of perforated wheel machinery with pneumatic seed transport was designed based on the mechanical and physical characteristics, as well as the sowing agronomic requirements, of rapeseed and wheat. A mechanical model of the seed particle cluster during filling, carrying, casting and guiding was constructed and the optimal structural parameters of the seed collector were established. The front inclination angle and hole depth of the collector were used as test factors and the average seed discharge and consistency coefficient of variation in each row were used as test indexes to validate the performance. Two-factor, three-level orthogonal tests were performed to verify the performance of the seed collector. The results showed that for rapeseed and wheat, the average value of the coefficient of variation of row-by-row uniformity was 1. 67% and 1.48%, respectively, when the front inclination angle of the hole was 70° and 9 0 °, and the depth was 2 mm and 5 mm, respectively. The row-by-row performance was therefore better. Results from the DEM — CFD coupled simulation test and bench test of the pneumatic-assisted seed-guiding device indicated that, with an inlet airflow velocity of 8 m / s, the coefficient of variation for row-by-row uniformity was decreased to 17. 4 1 % and 9. 14% . These decreases indicated that airflow significantly improved uniformity. The field test showed that, after sowing, the coefficients of variation of seedling emergence uniformity between rows of rapeseed and wheat were 13. 5 2 % and 9. 6 5 %, respectively, meeting the requirements for field sowing. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 22

Main heading: Oilseeds

Controlled terms: Air? - ?Germination? - ?Pneumatics

Uncontrolled terms: Coefficients of variations? - ?DEM — CFD? - ?Dual use? - ?Inclination angles? - ?Mechanical? - ?Multifunctionals? - ?Performance? - ?Peumatic-assisted seed-guiding? - ?Rapeseed? - ?Wheat

Classification code: 301 Fluids? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1401.3 Pneumatics, Equipment and Machinery

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 1.40E+01%, Percentage 1.48E+00%, Percentage 2.00E+00%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 6.70E+01%, Size 2.00E-03m, Size 5.00E-03m, Velocity 8.00E+00m/s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.009

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

9. In-situ Detection of Rice Tiller Number in Field Based on Improved YOLO 11-seg

Accession number: 20253919240613

Title of translation: 基于改进YOLO 11 - seg的田间水稻分蘖数原位检测方法

Authors: Sun, Yan (1); Wang, Miao (1); Su, Yuchen (1); He, Kun (1); Cao, Chengmao (1); Hou, Wenhui (1); Wang, Yuwei (1, 2); Liu, Lu (1, 3)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Sensors, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei; 230036, China; (3) Wandong Comprehensive Experimental Station, Anhui Agricultural University, Chuzhou; 239000, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 596-606 and 656

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Rice tiller dynamics is a key agronomic trail in the yield formation process, so the monitoring of rice tiller growth period is of great significance in guiding agronomic management decisions. Aiming at the problems of shading, interference of light changes and missing phenotypic features for effective tiller detection in rice under complex field environments, an instance segmentation model was proposed based on improved YOLO 11 - seg. The CP-LSK module constructed by integrating large selective kernel network ( LSKNet ) was used to replace the original C3k2 module in the backbone network to enhance the adaptability of the model to multi-scale features; the CBAM attention mechanism was introduced at the end of the backbone to optimize the allocation of the feature weights, which significantly improved the robustness of the model in the complex scene. The experimental results showed that the improved model achieved 90. 3%, 85. 3%, 87. 7%, 92. 7%, and 61. 4% for Box branch precision, recall, F1 score, mAP50, and mAP50 - 95, respectively, in the detection task, which was 2.2, 3.5, 2.9, 0. 8, and 2. 1 percentage points higher than that of the original model; and the corresponding metrics for Mask branch were respectively improved by 2.5, 5. 1, 3.9, 2.3 and 1.5 percentage points. The results of tiller counting in the test set showed that the global mean absolute error ( MAE ) and root mean square error ( RMSE ) were 0. 24 and 0. 70, respectively, and the coefficient of determination R2 was 0. 950, of which 98. 1 percent of the samples had a counting error of less than three tillers, of which the accurate counting rate was increased by 28. 9 percentage points compared with that of the original model. The proposed algorithm realized in-situ detection and counting of rice tillers in complex scenarios in the field, and its error control ability can provide technical support for the estimation of effective spike number based on tiller counting, which was of great application value for rice plant growth monitoring and yield prediction. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Complex networks

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Agronomy? - ?Error detection? - ?Mean square error? - ?Scales (weighing instruments)

Uncontrolled terms: Example partitioning? - ?In-field? - ?In-situ detections? - ?Original model? - ?Percentage points? - ?Rice till number? - ?Tiller number? - ?Yield estimation? - ?Yield formations? - ?YOLO 11 - seg

Classification code: 731.1.1 Error Handling? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?942.1.7 Special Purpose Instruments? - ?1105 Computer Networks? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 7.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.050

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

10. Source Analysis and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals in Area of Biogas Digestate Fertilizer Application Based on Source-oriented Analysis

Accession number: 20253919240605

Title of translation: 基于源导向的沼肥施用区域土壤重金属来源解析与风险评估

Authors: Song, Shisheng (1); Zhang, Tangjuan (2); Hu, Baoe (3); Ran, Yi (4); Niu, Wenjuan (1); Wang, Yuanyuan (1); Ai, Ping (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan; 430300, China; (3) Hanchuan Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Hanchuan; 432300, China; (4) Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu; 610041, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 729-739

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: A four-year (2019-2023) greenhouse rotation experiment was conducted to systematically investigate the effects of continuous application of varying amounts of biogas digestate fertilizer (BF) on the heavy metal content in soil. Four levels of BF ( 85 kg/hm2, 170 kg/hm2, 340 kg/hm2, and 680 kg/hm2) were used to assess heavy metal accumulation in the soil. The improved geo-accumulation index ( Im ), combined with correlation analysis and positive matrix factorization, was employed to analyze contamination sources and identify priority control factors. The results showed that continuous application of BF primarily led to the accumulation of Cu and Zn in the soil. However, the Im values for all treatments were below 1, indicating minimal to slight enrichment and overall low levels of pollution. Four types of pollutant sources were identified : the BF source ( Cu, Zn ), agricultural input source ( Pb ), geology - irrigation water mixing source (Cr), and natural geology source (As, Cd, Hg). The mixing source was the most significant contributor to soil heavy metals, while the contribution from the BF source was increased with the increase of application rates. Soil health risk assessment revealed that As was the dominant carcinogenic risk factor, with the total cancer risk ( TCR ) for children reaching as high as 1.91 × 10-4. Although non-carcinogenic risks were within acceptable levels ( HI was below 1 ), exposure risks for children were significantly higher than those for adults ( P ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 28

Main heading: Risk assessment

Controlled terms: Factor analysis? - ?Factorization? - ?Fertilizers? - ?Geology? - ?Health risks? - ?Heavy metals? - ?Irrigation? - ?Metal analysis? - ?Mixing? - ?Multivariant analysis ? - ?Pollution control? - ?Risk analysis? - ?Risk management? - ?Soil pollution? - ?Soil testing? - ?Soils? - ?Water pollution

Uncontrolled terms: Biogas digestate? - ?Biogas digestate fertilizer? - ?Control factors? - ?Fertilizer sources? - ?Master factor? - ?Priority control? - ?Risks assessments? - ?Soil heavy metals? - ?Source analysis? - ?Source-oriented

Classification code: 102.1.2.1 Health Care? - ?201.1 Metallurgy and Metallography? - ?481.1 Geology? - ?483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics? - ?802.3 Chemical Operations? - ?821.3 Agricultural Chemicals? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention? - ?1108 Security and Privacy? - ?1201.1 Algebra and Number Theory? - ?1202 Statistical Methods? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics? - ?1301.1.3.1 Spectroscopy? - ?1502.1.1.2 Water Pollution? - ?1502.1.1.3 Soil Pollution? - ?1502.1.1.4 Pollution Control? - ?1502.1.1.4.3 Soil Pollution Control

Numerical data indexing: Mass 1.70E+02kg, Mass 3.40E+02kg, Mass 6.80E+02kg, Mass 8.50E+01kg

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.063

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

11. Lightweight Cherry Blossom Detection Method in Facility Environments Based on CEG-YOLO

Accession number: 20253919222019

Title of translation: 基于 CEG-YOLO 的轻量化设施环境樱桃花检测方法

Authors: Ren, Longlong (1, 2); Du, Yonghui (1); Li, Yuqiang (1); Gao, Ang (1); Song, Yuepeng (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Key Laboratory oj Intelligent Production Technology and Equipment jor Facility Horticulture, Taian; 271018, China

Corresponding author: Song, Yuepeng(uptonsong@sdau.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 648-656

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In order to achieve accurate detection of cherry blossom targets in the facility environment, a model CEG — YOLO for cherry blossom target detection in the facility environment based on YOLO v8 was proposed. Firstly, the structure of integration of cross-stage partial networks and partial convolution (CSPPC) structure was introduced to replace the C2f module in the Backbone and Neck networks to enhance the feature extraction capability of the network, and at the same time, the computational and parametric quantities of the model were reduced significantly. Secondly, a lightweight efficient channel attention (ECA) was added before the SPPF module, which enabled the network to further enhance the characteristics extraction and improve the detection accuracy of the model. Finally, the Conv module in Neck was replaced with the grouped spatial convolution (GSConv) module, which made the number of parameters and computation of the model further reduce. The experimental results showed that the accuracy of the CEG - YOLO model was 89. 8%, the recall was 91. 3%, the mAP was 94. 8%, the number of parameters was 2. 03 X 10, and the computational cost was 5.8x10. Compared with the original YOLO v8 model, the accuracy, recall, and mAP of the model was improved by 1. 6, 1. 9, and 1. 8 percentage points, respectively, and the number of parameters and computational were decreased by 32. 56% and 28. 40% . Compared with the YOLO v3, YOLO v5, YOLO v7, YOLO v9, YOLO vlO, and YOLO 11 models, the mAP of the CEG-YOLO model was increased by 7. 7, 0. 7, 1. 8, 2. 1, 3. 1, and 1.7 percentage points, and the number of parameters and computation was reduced significantly. The CEG — YOLO model proposed was not only able to accurately detect cherry blossoms in facility environments, but also possessed low computational overheads, which was suitable for deployment on the embedded devices of cherry pollination robots, which provided feasible visual support for realizing intelligent pollination of facility cherries. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 26

Main heading: Deep learning

Controlled terms: Computational efficiency? - ?Convolution? - ?Extraction? - ?Feature extraction? - ?Forestry? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Robots? - ?Stages

Uncontrolled terms: Attention mechanisms? - ?Cherry blossom? - ?Deep learning? - ?Detection methods? - ?Efficient channel attention mechanism? - ?Efficient channels? - ?Facility cheery pollination? - ?Percentage points? - ?Targets detection? - ?YOLO v8

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?402.2 Public Buildings? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?731.5 Robotics? - ?802.3 Chemical Operations? - ?821.1 Woodlands and Forestry? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1101.2.1 Deep Learning? - ?1102.1 Computer Theory, Includes Computational Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+01%, Percentage 5.60E+01%, Percentage 8.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.055

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

12. Key Technologies and Development Trends of Embodied Intelligence Agricultural Robots

Accession number: 20253919240586

Title of translation: 具身智能农业机器人关键技术与发展趋势

Authors: Miao, Zhonghua (1); Zhu, Ziyu (1); Zhang, Wei (1); Xue, Zhenfeng (1); Sun, Teng (1); Zhang, Yifan (1); Xie, Tao (1); He, Chuangxin (1); Li, Nan (1); Yuan, Jin (2); Zhao, Chunjiang (3); Liu, Chengliang (4)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechatronic and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai; 200444, China; (2) College oj Mechatronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, China; (3) Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; 200072, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 212-239

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In the context of the global transformation towards agricultural intelligence, traditional agricultural robots face technological bottlenecks such as unstructured environments, uncertainty of operational objects, and time-varying control parameters, resulting in poor practical performance and difficulties in industrial implementation. Embodied intelligence, as a key pathway to achieving general artificial intelligence, offers a paradigm to overcome these challenges. The agricultural robot technology system and development path driven by embodied intelligence theory were systematically discussed, and a “ perception — decision — simulation — evolution — diagnosis “ integrated research framework was innovatively constructed. Specifically, embodied perception focused on large model-driven visual foundation models, multimodal fusion perception, and open environment scene understanding; embodied decision-making encompasses end-to-end navigation, large model-driven robotic arm operations, and multi-robot collaboration algorithms; embodied simulation emphasized high-fidelity scene reconstruction, generation, and virtual-to-real transfer technologies; embodied evolution integrated continuous learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning mechanisms; and embodied diagnosis built a work status monitoring and quality evaluation system. Finally, the future development directions were explored, providing theoretical support and technical routes for the intelligent upgrade in the era of agriculture 4. 0. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 146

Main heading: Reinforcement learning

Controlled terms: Agricultural robots? - ?Agriculture? - ?Behavioral research? - ?Decision making? - ?Industrial robots? - ?Intelligent robots? - ?Learning algorithms? - ?Learning systems? - ?Machine Perception? - ?Robot learning ? - ?Smart agriculture? - ?Unsupervised learning

Uncontrolled terms: Agricultural robot? - ?Embodied intelligence? - ?Foundation models? - ?Key technologies? - ?Language model? - ?Large language model? - ?Large models? - ?Model-driven? - ?Multi modal perceptions? - ?Reinforcement learnings

Classification code: 101.5 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering? - ?101.6.1 Robotic Assistants? - ?731.5 Robotics? - ?731.6 Robot Applications? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?912.2 Management? - ?971 Social Sciences? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1106.3.1 Image Processing

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.018

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

13. Design and Experiment of Vibration Damping Device for Precision Corn Seeder Based on Watt’s Linkage

Accession number: 20253919240561

Title of translation: 基于瓦特连杆的玉米精量排种器减振装置设计与试验

Authors: Liu, Zhengdao (1, 2); Zhang, Nan (1); Song, Qirui (1); Wu, Xintong (1); Yan, Xiaoli (1, 2); Huang, Yuxiang (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Scientific Research Base for Conservation Tillage Mechanization (Yellow River Basin), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 94-104

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: During the high-speed operation of precision corn seeder, the seed metering device generated random vibrations due to factors such as ground undulation and soil heterogeneity, which affected the stability of seed metering. Additionally, the initial velocity and acceleration of seeds during dropping stage were randomly distributed, leading to uneven plant spacing. To address this issue, a vibration damping device was proposed based on the Watt’s linkage, its vibration suppression principle was revealed, and the geometric parameters of the Watt’s linkage suspension structure was determined through theoretical modeling and dynamic analysis. A cooperative vibration damping system composed of a pre-tensioned spring and a pneumatic damper were constructed. The influences of the stiffness coefficient of the pre-tensioned spring and the damping coefficient of the pneumatic damper on the response of the damping device were analyzed respectively in the high-frequency and low-frequency bands. A four-factor three-level orthogonal experiment was conducted to investigate the influence laws of the stiffness coefficient, damping coefficient, excitation frequency, and acceleration on the vibration reduction rate. Bench test results showed that the optimal parameter combination was a stiffness of 2 371. 75 N/m and a damping coefficient of 101.05 N ? s/m. Verification tests indicated that under various excitation conditions, the root mean square (RMS) acceleration of the optimal parameter combination did not exceed 0. 57 g, and the optimal vibration reduction rate was 63. 13%, verifying the effectiveness of the device in damping vibrations of the seed metering device. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 32

Main heading: Stiffness

Controlled terms: Damping? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Pneumatic equipment? - ?Pneumatics? - ?Seed? - ?Springs (components)? - ?Suspensions (components)? - ?Vibration analysis

Uncontrolled terms: Damper systems? - ?Damping coefficients? - ?Damping device? - ?Precision corn seeder? - ?Spring-damper system? - ?Three-dimensional vibration suppression? - ?Three-dimensional vibrations? - ?Vibration suppression? - ?Vibration-damping? - ?Watt linkage

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?214 Materials Science? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?601.3 Mechanisms? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?941.5 Mechanical Variables Measurements? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics? - ?1401.3 Pneumatics, Equipment and Machinery

Numerical data indexing: Force 1.0105E+02N, Mass 5.70E-02kg, Percentage 1.30E+01%, Surface tension 7.50E+01N/m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.008

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

14. Research Progress and Development Trends in Precision Seeding Technologies for Major Grain and Oil Crops

Accession number: 20253919240480

Title of translation: 主要粮油作物精量播种技术与装备研究进展

Authors: Liao, Yitao (1, 2); Tan, Yu (1); Liao, Qingxi (3); Zheng, Juan (1); Wang, Linsong (3); Zhang, Qingsong (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) Agricultural Mechanization Management Division, Hubei Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430064, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 1-19

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: The production and sowing technology of grain and oil crops has always been an important area of agricultural scientific research, as it is crucial for human survival and development. Mechanized sowing operations are crucial for improving the yield and production per unit area of grain and oil crops. The production profiles and sowing equipment of major grain and oil crops in China were analyzed, focusing on the practical applications and research progress of advanced technologies in the seeding process of these crops, including precision seeding, seed bed finishing, and sowing intelligence, in relation to the sowing characteristics of these crops and different varieties and sowing agronomic requirements. Based on a systematic summary and analysis of the planting characteristics and development trends of China’s major grain and oil crops, the paper identified the technical challenges of precision sowing of these crops and proposed that precision seeding scheduling technology, seedbed finishing technology and precision sowing intelligence technology should be the main areas of research for precision sowing technology for grain and oil crops. Technologies such as automatic navigation, variable seeding and seeding detection were key to improve the level of intelligent sowing of major grain and oil crops in China. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 105

Main heading: Grain (agricultural product)

Controlled terms: Crops? - ?Finishing? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Seed

Uncontrolled terms: Bed preparation? - ?Development trends? - ?Grain crops? - ?Intelligence? - ?Oil crops? - ?Precision seeding? - ?Precision sowing? - ?Scientific researches? - ?Seeder? - ?Seeding technology

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?208.1 Coating Techniques? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.001

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

15. Detection Method for Gannan Navel Oranges under Similar-color Backgrounds Based on Improved Grid Point Regression Mechanism

Accession number: 20253919240615

Title of translation: 基于改进网格点回归机制的近色背景下赣南脐橙检测方法

Authors: Feng, Guofu (1, 2); Cao, Yiyang (1, 2); Wu, Kaijun (1, 2); Chen, Ming (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; 201306, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Fisheries Information, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai; 201306, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 607-617

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to achieve effective monitoring of fruit growth in large orchards, a detection algorithm was proposed, Grid R-CNN ScN (similar-color network), to address the challenge of identifying Gannan navel oranges under similar-color backgrounds influenced by lighting. The algorithm enhanced the Grid R-CNN grid point regression mechanism by introducing an identity recurrent neural network (IRNN) module, which added contextual information to iteratively optimize target recognition. A Cosine Annealing LR scheduler was incorporated into the RMSProp optimization strategy to mitigate the problem of insufficient feature learning caused by gradient explosion. The non-maximum suppression (Soft-NMS) algorithm was employed to improve recall rates for Gannan navel oranges under similar-color backgrounds. Additionally, the cross-image sampling (CIS) strategy was used to enhance the model’s generalization ability in such environments. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvements of Grid R-CNN ScN over comparative methods. Compared with Faster R-CNN and Grid R-CNN, the proposed model achieved recall increases of 4. 73 and 3.67 percentage points, mAP@ 50 improvements of 11. 78 and 9. 27 percentage points, while reducing storage space occupied by 4. 29 MB and 5. 07 MB, respectively, with GPU memory consumption decreased to 60% of original models. When evaluated against DETR and Swin Transformer, Grid R-CNN ScN showed recall enhancements of 4. 19 and 3. 84 percentage points, mAP@50 improvements of 8. 05 and 6. 22 percentage points, and mAP@ 50 -95 gains of 8.60 and 4.97 percentage points. Storage space occupied by 9.67 MB and 2.83 MB respectively, with memory usage lowered to 44%. In comparison with YOLO v8 and YOLO vll, the proposed method demonstrated recall increases of 2.15 and 3.09 percentage points, mAP @ 50 improvements of 5. 38 and 6. 25 percentage points, and mAP@ 50-95 enhancements of 2. 55 and 3. 07 percentage points, and enhanced generalization via cross-image sampling. Ablation studies demonstrated that the proposed improvements substantially improved the recognition accuracy of Gannan navel oranges under Similar-color backgrounds, offering valuable support for fruit growth monitoring in large orchards. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 39

Main heading: Image recognition

Controlled terms: Citrus fruits? - ?Color? - ?Color computer graphics? - ?Color image processing? - ?Image enhancement? - ?Image sampling? - ?Iterative methods? - ?Machine learning? - ?Object detection? - ?Object recognition ? - ?Optimization? - ?Orchards

Uncontrolled terms: Detection methods? - ?Fruit growth? - ?Gannan navel orange? - ?Grid points? - ?Grid R-CNN? - ?Navel orange? - ?Objects detection? - ?Percentage points? - ?Similar-color background? - ?Storage spaces

Classification code: 741.1 Light/Optics? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?902.1 Engineering Graphics? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1106.3.1 Image Processing? - ?1106.5 Computer Applications? - ?1106.8 Computer Vision? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques? - ?1201.9 Numerical Methods

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 4.40E+01%, Percentage 6.00E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.051

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

16. Lightweight Grape Cluster Stalk Picking Point Localization Method and Test Based on Improved YOLO v11n

Accession number: 20253919240598

Title of translation: 基于改进YOLO vlln的轻量化葡萄穗梗采摘点定位方法与试验

Authors: Zhuang, Yu (1); Xu, Kunlin (1); Li, Meiqi (1); Dai, Jize (1); Wang, Jinfeng (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 618-627

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the problem of picking point localization caused by slender stem morphology and weak chromatic contrast with the environment, a lightweight segmentation model was proposed based on the improved YOLO v11n architecture, designated as YOLO v11n - MBCa. Firstly, a high-quality dataset was constructed and a lightweight MobileNetV4 network was introduced to replace the original backbone network of YOLO v11n. Simultaneously, a weighted bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) incorporating a coordinated attention (CA) mechanism was implemented in the feature fusion layer ( Neck ) . Finally, image segmentation was performed and the optimal picking points for grape cluster stems were calculated by using an optimized center of mass algorithm. Experimental results demonstrated that the YOLO v11n - MBCa model achieved significant improvements across multiple performance metrics. Compared with the baseline YOLO v11n model, as well as series-equivalent models, including YOLO v5n, YOLO v8, and Small - YOLO, the proposed model exhibited average accuracy increases of 6. 2, 34.8, 9.5, and 17.4 percentage points, respectively. Precision (P) metrics showed improvements of 2. 7, 21. 0, 3. 6, and 12. 1 percentage points, respectively. With only 2. 22 × 106, the model demonstrated balanced optimization between high accuracy and low missed detection rates. The detection speed reached 59.59 f/s, meeting real-time requirements for automated picking equipment. Additionally, four picking scenarios (non-obstructed, obstructed, multi-target, and longdistance) were evaluated through 127 experimental trials, yielding a 91. 3% success rate in picking point calculation. These findings validated the effectiveness of the lightweight architecture design, multi-scale feature fusion strategy, and attention mechanism implementation in complex agricultural environments, particularly for detecting elongated grape cluster stems. A technical foundation for future intelligent harvesting systems was established. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 27

Main heading: Image segmentation

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Agriculture? - ?Clustering algorithms? - ?Morphology? - ?Network architecture? - ?Plants (botany)

Uncontrolled terms: Attention mechanisms? - ?Features fusions? - ?Grape cluster stalk? - ?Images segmentations? - ?Lightweighting? - ?Localization method? - ?Percentage points? - ?Picking point? - ?Point localization? - ?YOLO v11n - MBCa model

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?214 Materials Science? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?903.1 Information Sources and Analysis? - ?1105.2 Internet and Web Technologies? - ?1106.3.1 Image Processing

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 3.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.052

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

17. Detection Method of Apples in Dwarf Rootstock Densification Orchards Based on SDE-YOLO

Accession number: 20253919240611

Title of translation: 基于 SDE-YOLO 的矮砧密植化果园苹果检测方法

Authors: Zhu, Lieheng (1, 2); Wang, Wenbei (1, 2); Zhao, Bo (1, 2); Han, Zhenhao (2, 3); Gao, Jianbo (1, 2); Chen, Kaikang (1, 2); Feng, Xuguang (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences Group Co., Ltd., Beijing; 100083, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Shandong Branch, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao; 266200, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 638-647

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: The apple orchard with dwarf rootstock densification is a typical application scenario for future robotic picking, facing challenges such as complex light, fruit overlapping and branch and leaf shading, and accurate fruit detection is one of the key core technologies for apple picking robots. An enhanced apple detection model termed SDE-YOLO was proposed to improve detection accuracy and robustness in such environments. Initially, a comprehensive dataset encompassing various lighting conditions and occlusion states was constructed, with systematic categorization of occlusion patterns. The model architecture incorporated several key improvements; replacement of the last two C2f modules with Swin Transformer in the backbone network to enhance long-range dependency modeling and dense scene detection capabilities; integration of EMA attention mechanism in the backbone network, achieving pixel-level adaptive attention allocation through non-dimensional channel reconstruction to effectively suppress background interference; introduction of DCN v2 module in the feature fusion network to improve detection of apples with varying morphologies and poses. Experimental results demonstrated that SDE-YOLO achieved precision, recall, and the average precision of 88.9%, 86.6%, and 94.2% respectively, representing improvements of 2. 0, 1.7, 3.3 percentage points over the baseline model, while reducing model parameters by 9. 38%. Comparative analysis with mainstream detection models confirmed SDE-YOLO’s superior performance in handling illumination variations and occlusions, providing accurate fruit detection for robotic harvesting in dwarf rootstock orchards. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 24

Main heading: Fruits

Controlled terms: Complex networks? - ?Convolutional neural networks? - ?Network architecture? - ?Orchards? - ?Robotics

Uncontrolled terms: Apple? - ?Back-bone network? - ?Branch and leaf shading? - ?Complex illumination? - ?Convolutional neural network? - ?Densifications? - ?Detection methods? - ?Detection models? - ?Overlapping shading? - ?Targets detection

Classification code: 731.5 Robotics? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1101.2.1 Deep Learning? - ?1105 Computer Networks? - ?1105.2 Internet and Web Technologies

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 3.80E+01%, Percentage 8.66E+01%, Percentage 8.89E+01%, Percentage 9.42E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.054

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

18. Design and Experiment of Screw-guided Posture-adjusting and Filling-promoting Precision Seed Metering Device for Wheat

Accession number: 20253919240462

Title of translation: 螺旋引导调姿促充式小麦精量排种器设计与试验

Authors: Zheng, Zhiqi (1); Ju, Xiaoteng (1); Zhao, Pengfei (1); Dong, Jianxin (1); Yang, Pengkun (1); Feng, Tian (1); Huang, Yuxiang (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Equipment, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 117-128

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to meet the demand of wheat mechanical precision seeding, solving the problem that the sowing and seeding of wheat seeds were easy to be stuck, and the accumulation populations were crossed and overhead due to the ovate structure of wheat seeds, a spiral-guided posture-adjusting and filling-promoting wheat precision metering device was designed. The inclined seed guide plate and spiral guide groove were set at the entrance of the side-type hole seed groove to form a spiral-guided hole unit, which guided the wheat seeds to fill the hole seed groove in a stable flat posture, and reduced the phenomenon that the seed was blocked by the vertical posture. Through theoretical analysis, the structural parameters of key components such as the number and structural characteristics of the hole unit were determined, and the stress of the spiral guide structure on the wheat seed filling process was analyzed, and the key parameter value range that affected the performance of the precision seed metering device was clarified. The discrete element simulation software EDEM was used to simulate the working process of the seed metering device, and the orthogonal rotation combination test of three factors and five levels was carried out to obtain the optimal combination of key parameters of the precision seed metering device. Specifically, the horizontal length of the inclined guide plate was 17. 5 m m, the inclination angle of the inclined guide plate was 2 3 °, and the height of the spiral guide groove was 5 mm. Based on the above optimal parameter combination, the bench verification test was carried out. The results showed that when the working speed of the seed metering device was 30 ~ 70 r / m i n, the qualified rate of simulation and bench test was higher than 9 0 %, and the leakage rate and replay rate were lower than 5% . To further verify the adaptability of the seed metering device to different varieties of wheat, the adaptability test of different varieties was carried out. The qualified rate was higher than 8 5 %, and the missed sowing rate and replay rate were lower than 10%, which met the technical requirements of wheat precision sowing. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 24

Main heading: Software testing

Controlled terms: Seed

Uncontrolled terms: Discrete-element simulations? - ?Guide plates? - ?Keys parameters? - ?Plantings? - ?Precision planting? - ?Precision seed-metering devices? - ?Seed-metering device? - ?Spiral guide? - ?Wheat seed metering device? - ?Wheat seeds

Classification code: 821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1106.9 Computer Software

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 0.00E00%, Percentage 1.00E+01%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Size 5.00E+00m, Size 5.00E-03m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.010

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

19. Optimization Design and Experiment of Needle Shaped Seedling Picking-Straight Line Seedling Feeding Characteristics Seedling Picking Mechanism

Accession number: 20253919252831

Title of translation: 尖嘴形取苗-直线投苗特性取苗机构优化设计与试验

Authors: Zhao, Xiong (1, 2); Zhou, Zhenkang (1); Cheng, Di (1); Ma, Xingxiao (1); Xu, Yadan (3); Yu, Gaohong (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhcjiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (2) Zhcjiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (3) Ceely Automotive Institute, Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Hangzhou; 310018, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 395-404 and 449

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In the scenario of synchronous planting of vegetables in multiple rows, due to the difference between the spacing and the seedling picking needles and the row spacing, a seedling guide cup needs to be configured. When the existing rotating automatic seedling picking mechanism works, the phenomenon of “premature seedling dropping” and “seedling throwing” commonly occurs due to the differences in the compactness and rootedness of the bowl seedling substrate, resulting in the inability of bowl seedlings to pass through the seedling receiving cup smoothly. A “ needle shaped seedling picking-straight line seedling throwing” trajectory that can adapt to the substrate differences of bowl seedlings was proposed, and optimization research on non-circular gear planetary gear picking mechanism was conducted based on key pose points and trajectory constraints. The seedling picking mechanism was simplified into an open chain 2R rod group, a mechanism parameter solving model was established based on the synthesis of four pose open chain 2R rod group and mixed four pose linear trajectory open chain 2R rod group, the mechanism parameters were optimized, and prototype picking and throwing experiments were carried out. The experimental results showed that the early seedling throwing rates of verbena, cowpea, and mint bowl seedlings were 10. 9%, 5. 4%, and 39. 6%, and the success rates of seedling picking were 92. 2%, 95. 7%, and 96. 8%, respectively. This results can provide a technical reference for reducing the problem of bowl seedlings being unable to pass through seedling reception smoothly. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 32

Main heading: Needles

Controlled terms: Chains? - ?Crops? - ?Forestry? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Seed? - ?Trajectories

Uncontrolled terms: Close planting crop? - ?Key pose? - ?Key pose point? - ?Linear trajectory? - ?Mechanism-parameters? - ?Open chain? - ?Optimization design? - ?Plantings? - ?Seedling pick-up mechanism? - ?Trajectory constraints

Classification code: 101.2 Biomedical Equipment? - ?103 Biology? - ?213.6 Textile Mills, Machinery and Equipment? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?602.1 Mechanical Drives? - ?656 Space Flight and Research? - ?821.1 Woodlands and Forestry? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 2.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 6.00E+00%, Percentage 7.00E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Percentage 9.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.031

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

20. Apple Leaf Disease Detection Method Based on Improved YOLO v10n

Accession number: 20253919240593

Title of translation: 基于改进YOLO vlOn的苹果叶片病害检测方法

Authors: Zhao, Xiao (1); Yang, Mengting (1); Zhang, Yidan (1)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an; 710021, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 657-666 and 728

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Early detection of apple leaf diseases is very important to ensure apple yield and quality. However, due to the characteristics of different disease forms and small lesion areas on apple leaves, the disease detection accuracy is not high, which is difficult to meet the needs of accurate prevention and control in modern agriculture. To address this issue, an improved YOLO v10n-based method for apple leaf disease detection was proposed. The standard convolution ( Conv ) in the backbone network was replaced with receptive field attention convolution ( RFAConv) to enhance the network’s ability to capture important features of diseased leaves. The reparameterized generalized feature pyramid network (RepGFPN) was introduced in the Neck network to fuse low-level features with high-level semantic information, thereby improving the model’s ability to extract features of diseases at different scales on apple leaves. A spatial pyramid pooling-fast-attention ( SPPF-attention ) module was constructed to enable the model to focus more effectively on critical attention information. A spatial and channel reconstruction convolution-v10Detect ( SC-C-v10Detect) head was designed to enhance the model’s detection capability for lesions of varying sizes. Results showed that the proposed model achieved a precision of 86. 3%, a recall of 86. 8%, an mAP@ 0. 5 of 90. 8%, and an mAP@ 0. 5 : 0. 95 of 62. 9%. Compared with the original YOLO v10n model, the performance metrics were improved by 1.2, 4.2, 2. 1, and 2. 8 percentage points, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed model outperformed Faster R - CNN, SSD, YOLO v8n, YOLO v9s, YOLO v10n, and YOLO 11n in terms of mAP @ 0. 5, with improvements of 25. 9, 12.2, 2.8, 1.6, 2. 1, and 1.4 percentage points, respectively. The improved method proposed significantly improved the detection accuracy of apple leaf diseases, and provided reliable technical support for early warning and precise prevention of orchard diseases, which was of great significance for promoting the intelligent development of agriculture. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 28

Main heading: Fruits

Controlled terms: Convolution? - ?Disease control? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Semantics

Uncontrolled terms: Apple? - ?Attention mechanisms? - ?Detection accuracy? - ?Detection methods? - ?Leaf disease? - ?Leaf disease detections? - ?Multiscale fusion? - ?Percentage points? - ?Targets detection? - ?YOLO v10

Classification code: 102.1.2 Health Science? - ?103 Biology? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?903.2 Information Dissemination

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Percentage 9.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.056

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

21. Inverse Kinematics Solution for Redundant Picking Robot Based on Penalty Function and Gauss Newton Method

Accession number: 20253919240559

Title of translation: 基于罚函数-高斯牛顿法的冗余采摘机器人逆解方法

Authors: Lin, Guichao (1); Zeng, Wenyong (1); Xu, Yao (1); Fu, Wenping (1); Huang, Xuxi (1); Zhu, Lixue (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhonghai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou; 510225, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 355-362

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: The seven-degree-of-freedom redundant harvesting robot has high dexterity and can avoid obstacles in unstructured orchards. However, the traditional inverse kinematics numerical solution does not constrain the joint motion range, which often leads to the failure of the inverse solution. In this regard, an inverse kinematics solution for redundant picking robots was proposed that combined Gauss - Newton method and external penalty function method. Firstly, a picking robot composed of a one-degree-of-freedom translation guide rail and a six-degree-of-freedom serial manipulator was designed. Then, the MDH parameter method was used to describe the geometric parameters and position relationship of each link of the robot, the forward kinematics model of the robot was established, and its working space was established. Then the Euclidean distance between the end pose of the robot and the target pose was taken as the objective function, and the joint constraint term was further constructed by using the outer point penalty function method to avoid the robot from overtaking in motion. The robot Jacobian matrix and Gauss — Newton method were used to optimize the objective function, and the nonlinear mapping relationship between the joint angle of the robot and the target pose was established. The simulation results showed that under the condition that the position error was less than 10 mm and the attitude error was less than 10 rad, the success rate of the inverse solution of the proposed method was 99. 8%, which was 29. 8 percentage points higher than that of the Gauss — Newton method. The average operation time was 37. 1 ms, which was 4 0 % less than that of Gauss — Newton method. Field experiments showed that the positioning errors (mean ± standard deviation) of the inverse solution method in the width, front and rear, and height directions of the end effector were (2. 6 ± 1 . 4) mm, (- 5 . 7 ± 6 . 9) mm, and (2. 4 ± 2. 8) mm, respectively, and the success rate of fruit stem clamping was 77. 0% . The method proposed had high success rate and real-time performance, and the error was small, which can provide technical support for the landing application of seven-degree-of-freedom redundant picking robot. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 24

Main heading: Inverse kinematics

Controlled terms: Constrained optimization? - ?Degrees of freedom (mechanics)? - ?Electromagnetic wave attenuation? - ?End effectors? - ?Errors? - ?Fruits? - ?Gaussian distribution? - ?Geometry? - ?Inverse problems? - ?Jacobian matrices ? - ?Newton-Raphson method? - ?Orchards? - ?Robot applications

Uncontrolled terms: Avoid obstacles? - ?Gauss-Newton’s method? - ?Harvesting robot? - ?Inverse kinematic solutions? - ?Inverse solution? - ?Objective functions? - ?Outer point penalty function method? - ?Penalty function? - ?Picking robot? - ?Seven degree of freedom picking robot

Classification code: 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media? - ?731.1.1 Error Handling? - ?731.5 Robotics? - ?731.6 Robot Applications? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1201 Mathematics? - ?1201.2 Calculus and Analysis? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques? - ?1201.9 Numerical Methods? - ?1201.14 Geometry and Topology? - ?1202.1 Probability Theory? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics

Numerical data indexing: Absorbed dose 1.00E-01Gy, Percentage 0.00E00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Size 1.00E-02m, Time 1.00E-03s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.027

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

22. Counting Method of Density Map for Field Head Lettuce Based on UAV Images

Accession number: 20253919240569

Title of translation: 基于无人机图像的大田结球生菜密度图计数方法

Authors: Liu, Yunling (1); Li, Jiaqi (1); Wang, Ying (1); Li, Donglin (2); Song, Jianli (3)

Author affiliation: (1) College of information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York; 10027, United States; (3) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 557-565

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: It is of great significance to estimate the yield of head lettuce by counting during the heading stage in field planting for evaluating economic benefit, crop management and guiding seeding plan. Aiming at the problems of long time and heavy workload in current manual counting methods, a lightweight counting network of head lettuce was proposed based on density map regression. The front-end network was stacked by convolutional downsampling module and CSP structure to extract image features, and the network size was reduced by downsampling operation, and then features of different levels were splicing and fusion. The back-end network used an extended convolution structure to increase the receptive field without changing the size of the feature map, and further extract image features and fuse front-end features to enhance the feature representation ability of the model. Finally, a high quality density map was generated by the generating head, and the counting result was obtained by integrating. Experimental results showed that the proposed counting method achieved low mean absolute error (8. 96), root mean square error (14. 21), relative mean absolute error (0. 065 1), relative root mean square error (0. 103 2), high R2 (0. 974 9) and accuracy (93. 49%), which was better than other models of the same kind, such as MCNN, CANNet, CSRNet, DSNet, MSPSNet, WHCNet and MLAENet. In addition, the proposed model maintained a low resource occupation while maintaining high counting accuracy, and the number of parameters and the number of floating-point operations of the model were 4.1 × 106 and 5.8 × 1010, respectively. In general, the model proposed achieved relatively superior performance in both counting accuracy and model lightweighting, which can provide an effective techniques and methods for estimating lettuce yield in the field. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 38

Main heading: Image enhancement

Controlled terms: Convolution? - ?Crops? - ?Digital arithmetic? - ?Economic and social effects? - ?Errors? - ?Lettuce? - ?Mean square error? - ?Program processors? - ?Seed? - ?Textile industry

Uncontrolled terms: Counting? - ?Density map regression? - ?Density maps? - ?Down sampling? - ?Front end? - ?Head lettuce? - ?Image features? - ?Lightweight? - ?Mean absolute error? - ?UAV image

Classification code: 213.6 Textile Mills, Machinery and Equipment? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?731.1.1 Error Handling? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?971 Social Sciences? - ?1102.1 Computer Theory, Includes Computational Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory? - ?1106.1 Computer Programming? - ?1106.3.1 Image Processing? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 4.90E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.046

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

23. Development Status and Prospect of Digital Twin Farm

Accession number: 20253919240619

Title of translation: 农场数字孪生技术发展现状与展望

Authors: Ma, Ruofei (2); Du, Yuefeng (1, 2); Guo, Dafang (1, 2); Wang, Linze (2); Li, Xiaoyu (1, 2); Wu, Xiuheng (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 257-277

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Digital twin technology realizes real-time monitoring, accurate simulation, and predictive decision-making of physical entities or systems by creating real and synchronized virtual copies of them. In recent years, digital twin technology, with its superior real-time and consistency, has shown great potential in improving agricultural production efficiency, reducing resource waste, improving crop resilience, and coping with climate change and other major issues, and is expected to provide core technical support for promoting the development of smart agriculture. The current research status of digital twin technology in building “ digital twin farms” in the production process of farm machinery and equipment, crops and environment was analyzed by searching the literature related to digital twins in the global agricultural field, and the problems and shortcomings of the current research were put forward. Further, a five-layer digital twin farm framework structure and construction process driven by data and decision-making were proposed, and the key core technologies involved in multi-source data acquisition and processing, twin model construction and updating, prediction and intelligent decision-making, and display and interaction were discussed; then two typical digital twin farm application examples were used to illustrate the value and significance of the data-driven full-life-cycle digital twin farm, and finally, the future of digital twin farm was discussed. Finally, an outlook on the future development focus and trend of digital twin farms was provided. Aimed to provide systematic theoretical and methodological support for the construction of digital twin farms, emphasizing the concept of data-driven full life cycle control as the core, laying a solid theoretical foundation for the in-depth application of digital twin technology in the management of smart agriculture, and at the same time providing prospective ideas and technological means for the transformation of modern agriculture into intelligent and sustainable. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 130

Main heading: Crops

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Agricultural wastes? - ?Climate change? - ?Construction? - ?Data acquisition? - ?Data handling? - ?Decision making? - ?Decision support systems? - ?Digital twin? - ?Farms ? - ?Information management? - ?Life cycle? - ?Metadata? - ?Smart agriculture

Uncontrolled terms: Agricultural machinery equipment? - ?Crop modeling? - ?Data driven? - ?Decisions makings? - ?Development status? - ?Dynamics models? - ?Io? - ?Machinery equipments? - ?Smart agricultures? - ?Smart farm

Classification code: 405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?821.6 Agricultural Wastes? - ?903 Information Science? - ?912.2 Management? - ?913.1 Production Engineering? - ?1106 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications? - ?1106.2 Data Handling and Data Processing? - ?1106.5 Computer Applications? - ?1502.1.2 Climate Change

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.020

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

24. Staging Inversion of Maize SPAD Values and Optimal Utilization of Water and Nitrogen Based on Machine Learning

Accession number: 20253919240594

Title of translation: 基于机器学习的玉米SPAD值影像分期反演与水氮优化利用研究

Authors: Miao, Shilong (1, 2); Li, Xianyue (1, 2); Shi, Haibin (1, 2); Yan, Jianwen (1, 2); Ding, Shijie (1, 2); Miao, Ping (3)

Author affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China; (2) Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center for Efficient Water-saving Technology and Equipment and Soil and Water Environment Effect, Hohhot; 010018, China; (3) Ordos City River and Lake Protection Center, Ordos; 017200, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 536-546

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: By using unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing technology combined with multiple machine learning algorithms, the maize SPAD values with different water and nitrogen treatments in the Yellow River irrigation area can be inverted, which can provide precise irrigation and fertilization diagnosis for maize planting. Three irrigation quotas ( W1 : 150 m3/hm2, W2 : 225 m3/hm2, W3 : 300 m3/hm2 ) and three nitrogen application rates ( N1 : 140 kg/hm2, N2 : 210 kg/hm2, N3 : 280 kg/hm2) were set, and water nitrogen treatment experiments were carried out. Farmland image data were obtained by using the multispectral camera of unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAVs ), and 16 spectral variables were obtained. Spectral variables with high correlations with SPAD values were selected at each growth stage of maize to construct machine learning algorithms such as ridge regression, support vector machine, random forest, and partial least square method. The models were compared and screened, and the screened models were used to predict the SPAD values of different treatments. The predicted SPAD values were used to fit the equation with the irrigation and fertilization amounts to diagnose the expected optimal water and fertilizer dosages at each growth stage. The research results showed that the maize SPAD value reached its peak during the filling period. Among them, W2N2 was 9. 14% higher than W1N2, 17.22% higher than W3N2, 10.9% higher than W2N1, and 35.4% higher than W2N3. Combining the measured SPAD values in three important periods of maize, by comparing the determination coefficient R2 of the modeling set and the validation set of different machine learning models, it was found that the random forest model showed the best predictive performance, and the spatial distribution map of chlorophyll content in farmland was expanded by using the predicted values of the RF model. The regression equations between the average SPAD value of nine treatments prediction points and the corresponding irrigation and fertilizer application amounts were established. Through optimization, it was obtained that at the jointing stage of maize, the optimal irrigation amount was 547 m3/hm2 and the optimal fertilizer application amount was 42. 98 kg/hm2. During the large trumpet stage of maize, the optimal irrigation amount was 450 m3/hm2, and the optimal fertilizer application amount was 63 kg/hm2. During the tasseling stage, the optimal irrigation amount was 498 m3/hm2, and the optimal fertilization amount was 73. 29 kg/hm2. During the grouting period, the optimal irrigation water amount was 493.5 m3/hm2, and the optimal fertilizer application amount was 43. 4 kg/hm2. Based on the combined method of unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing technology and machine learning algorithms, the maize SPAD value was successfully inverted, and the irrigation and fertilization situation in farmland was revealed, providing a feasible solution for precise irrigation and fertilization in farmland. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 41

Main heading: Remote sensing

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Antennas? - ?Decision trees? - ?Farms? - ?Forecasting? - ?Grain (agricultural product)? - ?Irrigation? - ?Learning systems? - ?Least squares approximations? - ?Nitrogen ? - ?Nitrogen fertilizers? - ?Random forests? - ?Rivers? - ?Support vector regression? - ?Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

Uncontrolled terms: Aerial vehicle? - ?Fertilisation? - ?Fertilizer applications? - ?Irrigation amounts? - ?Irrigation and fertilization management? - ?Machine learning algorithms? - ?Machine-learning? - ?Maize SPAD value? - ?Remote-sensing? - ?Unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing

Classification code: 407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways? - ?652.1 Aircraft? - ?716.5.1 Antennas? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?804 Chemical Products? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.3 Agricultural Chemicals? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?961 Systems Science? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1201.5 Computational Mathematics? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques? - ?1201.8 Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory? - ?1202 Statistical Methods

Numerical data indexing: Mass 1.40E+02kg, Mass 2.10E+02kg, Mass 2.80E+02kg, Mass 2.90E+01kg, Mass 4.00E+00kg, Mass 6.30E+01kg, Mass 9.80E+01kg, Percentage 1.09E+01%, Percentage 1.40E+01%, Percentage 1.722E+01%, Percentage 3.54E+01%, Size 1.50E+02m, Size 2.25E+02m, Size 3.00E+02m, Size 4.50E+02m, Size 4.935E+02m, Size 4.98E+02m, Size 5.47E+02m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.044

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

25. Design and Experiment of Precision Seed Metering Device for Rice Plot Breeding Seeder

Accession number: 20253919240599

Title of translation: 水稻小区育种播种机精量排种装置设计与试验

Authors: Qin, Wei (1, 2); Li, Yuwu (1, 3); Qian, Cheng (1, 3); Wang, Zaiman (1, 4); Zang, Ying (1, 5)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (4) Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming; 525000, China; (5) Huangpu Innovation Research Institute of SCAU, 510715, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 140-152

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the teehnical challenges of mechanized rice plot breeding operations—such as frequent seed switching, precise seed supply, precision seeding, and rapid seed clearing—a precision seed metering device for a rice plot breeding seeder was designed, based on control by an STM32 microcontroller. Based on the operational workflow of seed-clearing, seed metering, and seed-switching, a control system was designed with the STM32 as the core controller, motors and servos as actuators, and an integrated QR code recognition and positioning system. This enabled the implementation of uninterrupted seed-switching and seed-clearing operations between adjacent plots. To achieve the goal of precision seeding, a horizontally oriented, shallow-bowl-shaped seed metering disc with suction holes was reverse-designed to match the outer contour features of various rice seed types. This design was implemented by using Matlab image processing. Upon integrating the seed metering device, performance tests of the seed-clearing and seed-switching mechanisms were conducted. Results showed that the switching time of the seed-switching mechanism was less than 2.05 s, and the net seed clearing rate reached 1 0 0 % . Using ten rice varieties as test objects, bench and field tests were conducted with the rotation speed of the seed metering plate and operating negative pressure as test factors, and the miss rate, qualified seeding rate, and multiple seeding rate as evaluation indices. The results indicated that the optimal seeding performance was achieved when the operating speed of the machine was 0. 72 m / s . In bench tests, the qualified seeding rate for all varieties exceeded 9 0 %, while the missing rate and multiple seeding rate were both below 5% . Field test results indicated that the average qualified hill spacing rate of the seed metering device exceeded 9 0 % across all rice varieties, demonstrating that it met the agronomic requirements for precision seeding in rice plot breeding. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 33

Main heading: MATLAB

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery

Uncontrolled terms: Automatic seed-switching? - ?Plot breeding? - ?Precision seed-metering devices? - ?Precision seeding? - ?Rice? - ?Seed metering? - ?Seed-clearing? - ?Seed-metering device? - ?Seeding rate? - ?Switching mechanism

Classification code: 821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?1106.5 Computer Applications? - ?1201.5 Computational Mathematics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 0.00E00%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Time 2.05E+00s, Velocity 7.20E+01m/s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.012

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

26. Adaptive Leveling Control of Rotary Tillage Equipment Based on BAS fuzzy PID Algorithm

Accession number: 20253919240579

Title of translation: 基于BAS改进模糊PID算法的旋耕机具自适应调平控制研究

Authors: Qiu, Changlong (1); Ma, Zenghong (1, 2); Du, Xiaoqiang (1, 3); Hu, Anguo (4); Zhao, Lijun (5); Zhang, Chengjie (6)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (2) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment for Hilly and Mountainous Areas in Southeastern China (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (4) Yongkang Valid Carden Machine Co. , Ltd., Yongkang; 321300, China; (5) College of Intelligent and Manufacturing Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing; 402160, China; (6) Xingguang Agricultural Machinery Co. , Ltd., Huzhou; 313017, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 385-394

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: During rotary tillage operations on small plots sueh as greenhouses and hilly areas, poor quality and low operational efficiency are generally caused by lateral tilt angle variations of the machine body. Taking an electric tracked rotary tillage machine as the research subject, an adaptive leveling system for the rotary tillage equipment was designed. Furthermore, an adaptive leveling control strategy was proposed based on the beetle antennae search (BAS) algorithm to enhance fuzzy PID control. Firstly, the structural scheme and working principle of the adaptive leveling system was presented, followed by the establishment of the mathematieal model for the leveling system. Considering the real-time variability of load conditions during rotary tillage operations, an improved fuzzy PID algorithm was designed, incorporating the BAS algorithm to search for relevant controller parameters. Simulation results demonstrated that under BAS — fuzzy PID, fuzzy PID, and conventional PID control, the lateral leveling times were 1. 6 s, 2. 1 s, and 3. 5 s, respectively. Compared with the other two controls, BAS —fuzzy PID reduced leveling time and exhibited smaller overshoot. Finally, field tests were conducted on the electric tracked rotary tillage machine equipped with adaptive leveling control. The maximum standard deviation of the measured point elevation of the operation with BAS — fuzzy PID control was decreased by 68. 0% compared with that before operation, and the average coefficient of variation of the tillage depth was 7. 4 5 %, while the maximum standard deviation of the measured point elevation of the operation with fuzzy PID control was decreased by only 41. 5%, and the average coefficient of variation of the tillage depth was 8. 6 5 % . The field tests demonstrated that the BAS — fuzzy PID leveling control system can maintain the equipment’s level operational state and significantly improve the leveling effect of the field surface, based on a 13. 9% reduction in the variation of plowing depth stability. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 21

Main heading: Three term control systems

Controlled terms: Adaptive control systems? - ?Agricultural machinery? - ?Antennas? - ?Controllers? - ?Electric machine control? - ?Leveling (machinery)? - ?Tillage

Uncontrolled terms: Adaptive leveling system? - ?Beetle antenna search? - ?Electric tracked rotary tillage machine? - ?Fuzzy PID algorithm? - ?Fuzzy-PID? - ?Fuzzy-PID control? - ?Levelings? - ?Rotary plowing depth? - ?Rotary tillages? - ?Search Algorithms

Classification code: 716.5.1 Antennas? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?731.2 Control System Applications? - ?732.1 Control Equipment? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 0.00E00%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 9.00E+00%, Time 1.00E00s, Time 5.00E+00s, Time 6.00E+00s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.030

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

27. Analysis on Land Cover and Ecosystem Service Value in Handan City

Accession number: 20253919240608

Title of translation: 邯郸市土地覆盖及生态系统服务价值分析

Authors: Shang, Ming (1, 2); Yao, Ya’nan (1); Gu, Pengcheng (3); Li, Qian (2); Bai, Lei (4); Xu, Qiao (5); Shi, Yulin (1)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan; 056038, China; (2) Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Utilization in Arid Zone, Xinjiang Institute oj Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi; 830011, China; (3) China Land Surveying and Planning Institute, Beijing; 100871, China; (4) School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou; 570228, China; (5) Hubei Junbang Environmental Technology Co. , Ltd., Wuhan; 430035, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 517-525

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to explore the land cover change and its impact on ecosystem service value in Handan City, the object-oriented classification method was used to obtain land cover data, and the change of land cover was analyzed with dynamic degree and land transfer matrix. The equivalent factor method was used to obtain the ecosystem service value, the Moran’s / was selected to analyze its spatial autocorrelation, and the improved elasticity analysis was applied to reveal the response of ecosystem service value to land cover change. The results indicated that from 2000 to 2020, the construction land, forest land, and water area in Handan City displayed an increasing trend, while farmland and unused land showed a decreasing trend, and grassland was firstly increased and then decreased. From the perspective of land dynamic degree, the changes in water area and unused land were significant. According to land transfer, the most frequent conversion was between farmland and construction land. The ecosystem service value was increased by 12. 6% from 23. 01 billion yuan in 2000 to 25. 9 billion yuan in 2020 in Handan City. In addition, climate regulation, hydrological regulation, and soil conservation contributed the most to ecosystem service value, accounting for over 50% of the total ecosystem service value. The ecosystem service value of Handan City presented significant clustering, with “ high - high” clustering areas distributed in the western mountainous areas, and “low —low” clustering areas distributed in the eastern plain areas. The elasticity analysis showed that changes in grassland and farmland had remarkable impact on the ecosystem service value of Handan City. The findings had practical significance for optimizing the allocation and sustainable utilization of land resources in Handan City. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Farms

Controlled terms: Autocorrelation? - ?Ecosystems? - ?Elasticity? - ?Forestry? - ?Soil conservation? - ?Spatial variables measurement

Uncontrolled terms: Clusterings? - ?Dynamic degree? - ?Ecosystem service values? - ?Elasticity analysis? - ?Handan city? - ?Land cover? - ?Land cover data? - ?Land transfer? - ?Land-cover change? - ?Spatial autocorrelations

Classification code: 214.1.3 Elasticity, Plasticity, Creep and Deformation? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.1 Woodlands and Forestry? - ?941.5 Mechanical Variables Measurements? - ?1201 Mathematics? - ?1501.2.1 Resource Conservation? - ?1502.2 Ecology and Ecosystems

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 5.00E+01%, Percentage 6.00E+00%, Size 5.1308E+01m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.042

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

28. Design and Experimental of Lifting Device of Rotary Throw Type Topsoil Residual Film Recovery Machine

Accession number: 20253919240555

Title of translation: 旋抛式耕层残膜回收机起挖装置设计与试验

Authors: Shen, Shilong (1, 2); Zhang, Jiaxi (1, 2); Wang, Yichao (1, 2); Dong, Wenhao (1); Li, Jiangtao (1); Zhang, Xinlei (1); Li, Jinming (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture Equipment, Urumqi; 830052, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 461-472

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In order to solve the problem of soil quality, crop growth and environment seriously affected by a large amount of mulch in the soil layer of the existing cotton field, a mulch soil lifting device of the rotary-throw topsoil residual film recovery machine was designed, which was mainly composed of depth limiting roller, suspension frame, rotary throwing mechanism, throwing guide component and transmission system. In order to clarify the mechanism of lifting and throwing, the mechanical model of lifting knife and throwing was established, the mathematical conditions of throwing were analyzed, and the trajectory of throwing motion was explored. Secondly, the vibration model of the device was established by Lagrange equation, and the differential equation of the device vibration was obtained. The EDEM software was used to simulate the excavation device, and the three-factor and three-level quadratic regression orthogonal rotation center combination test was carried out. The Design-Expert software was used to analyze the regression significance of the test data, and the regression model of the soil lifting rate and the variation coefficient of the soil lifting rate was obtained. The simulation results showed that when the current advance speed was 1. 29 m/s, the rotation speed was 166 r/min and the cutting angle was 53°, the lifting rate was 92. 9% and the coefficient of variation of the lifting rate was 1. 39% . The field test results showed that the error values were 2. 3% and 5.1% respectively, which verified the reasonableness of the digging and throwing performance. The research can provide important support for the high efficiency recovery of residual film in the topsoil residual film recycling machine. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 27

Main heading: Electric power transmission

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Cotton? - ?Equations of motion? - ?Recycling? - ?Regression analysis? - ?Soil quality? - ?Soil testing? - ?Suspensions (components)? - ?Suspensions (fluids)? - ?Transmissions

Uncontrolled terms: Cotton fields? - ?Crop growth? - ?Large amounts? - ?Lifting devices? - ?Residual film recycling machine? - ?Residual films? - ?Rotary throw type? - ?Soil layer? - ?Soils qualities? - ?Topsoil

Classification code: 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics? - ?601.3 Mechanisms? - ?602.2 Mechanical Transmissions? - ?706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission? - ?804 Chemical Products? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1201.2 Calculus and Analysis? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics? - ?1501.3.1 Recycling Waste? - ?1502.1.1.4.3 Soil Pollution Control

Numerical data indexing: Angular velocity 2.7722E+00rad/s, Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 3.90E+01%, Percentage 5.10E+00%, Percentage 9.00E+00%, Velocity 2.90E+01m/s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.037

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

29. Remote Sensing Identification of Check Dams Based on Deep Learning and Geographic Analysis

Accession number: 20253919240590

Title of translation: 基于深度学习和地理分析的淤地坝遥感识别

Authors: Sun, Liquan (1); Guo, Jialong (2); Yuan, Ziyan (2); Feng, Hao (3); Wu, Shufang (2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830017, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semi-arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 526-535

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Accurately obtaining information on the number, location, and spatial distribution of check dams is fundamental for scientifically analyzing their erosion reduction and sediment trapping effects, as well as for future construction planning. Focusing on the Yanhe River Basin in the Loess Plateau, utilizing high-resolution imagery from GF - 2 and Google Earth as data sources, deep learning object detection algorithms (Faster R - CNN, YOLO v3, Cascade R - CNN, and YOLOX ) and semantic segmentation algorithms (FCN, U - Net, PSPNet, and DeepLab v3+ ) were employed to identify and extract the check dam bodies and dam lands. Geographic analysis methods and comprehensive interpretation were used to optimize the extraction results of the check dams. The results were as follows; in the identification of check dam bodies, the YOLOX model performed the best, achieving an average precision (AP) of 69. 4% at an intersection of union (IoU) threshold of 0. 50 ? 0.95. Using this model to identify images of the Yanhe River Basin, totally 1 440 detection boxes were obtained, with an accuracy of 75.8% and a recall rate of 85.7%. In the extraction of dam lands, all four models performed well, with an average IoU, precision, recall, and F1 score all exceeded 0. 85, 90%, 85%, and 88%, respectively. The majority voting method was used to combine the predictions of the four models, resulting in the extraction of 92. 0 km2 of dam lands in the production and operation period and 10. 6 km2 in the water storage and sediment trapping period. By incorporating geographic analysis methods, the accuracy of check dam body identification was increased from 75. 8% to 84. 5%, with the efficiency of identification and extraction doubling. These results indicated that the proposed method can be rapidly and accurately applied to the identification of check dams in the Loess Plateau, which was crucial for analyzing their impact on the ecological environment and for comprehensive management of small watersheds. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 29

Main heading: Deep learning

Controlled terms: Dams? - ?Digital storage? - ?Ecology? - ?Erosion? - ?Extraction? - ?Image segmentation? - ?Landforms? - ?Learning algorithms? - ?Rivers? - ?Sediments ? - ?Semantics? - ?Watersheds

Uncontrolled terms: Check dam? - ?Dam body? - ?Deep learning? - ?Geographics? - ?Loess Plateau? - ?Remote-sensing? - ?River basins? - ?Sediment trapping? - ?Yanhe River? - ?Yanhe river basin

Classification code: 201.9.1 Metals Corrosion? - ?407 Maritime and Port Structures; Rivers and Other Waterways? - ?407.1.1 Hydrotechnical Engineering Structures? - ?441.1 Dams? - ?481.1 Geology? - ?483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?802.3 Chemical Operations? - ?903.2 Information Dissemination? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1101.2.1 Deep Learning? - ?1103.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques? - ?1106.3.1 Image Processing? - ?1502.2 Ecology and Ecosystems? - ?1502.3 Hydrology

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 7.58E+01%, Percentage 8.00E+00% to 8.40E+01%, Percentage 8.50E+01%, Percentage 8.57E+01%, Percentage 8.80E+01%, Percentage 9.00E+01%, Size 0.00E00m, Size 6.00E+03m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.043

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

30. Design and Experiment of Apple Tree Canopy Profiling Targeted Spraying Control System

Accession number: 20253919240582

Title of translation: 苹果树冠层仿形对靶施药控制系统设计与试验

Authors: Tan, Yulei (1, 2); Zhang, Jing (2, 3); Chen, Jincheng (2, 3); Pan, Feng (2); Ji, Chao (2, 3); Zhao, Yan (1, 3)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (2) Mechanical Equipment Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi; 832003, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Northwest Agriculture Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi; 832003, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 482-491

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the issues of low pesticide utilization efficiency and poor spray uniformity in traditional orchard spraying operations, a rocker-arm profiling targeted spraying control system was developed for apple tree canopies in conventional orchards in Xinjiang. The system employed multichannel ultrasonic sensor arrays to capture canopy contour data, integrated with adaptive Kalman filtering to reduce measurement errors and map canopy boundaries accurately. A positional PID closed-loop control algorithm dynamically adjusted the profiling arm to envelop the canopy precisely. Field trials in Manas County demonstrated maximum positioning deviations of 32 mm, 41 mm, and 48 mm at distances of 0. 6 m, 0. 8 m, and 1.0 m from the canopy, respectively, with maximum deviation rates not exceeding 5. 33%. Validation tests for the profiling targeted spraying control system on apple tree canopies were conducted by using quantitative metrics, including average droplet density, average droplet deposition volume, pesticide adhesion rate, and spraying coefficient of variation (CV). Results demonstrated that profiling targeted spraying achieved 72.4 droplets/cm2 ( average droplet density), 2.03 μL/cm2 (deposition volume), 49.8% adhesion rate, and 26.4% CV. Compared with fixed-distance targeted spraying, profiling spraying improved droplet density by 64.2%, deposition volume by 40%, and adhesion rate by 29. 1 %, while reducing CV by 42. 5%, enhancing pesticide utilization efficiency and spraying uniformity. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 21

Main heading: Three term control systems

Controlled terms: Adaptive control systems? - ?Adhesion? - ?Deposition? - ?Drops? - ?Forestry? - ?Fruits? - ?Kalman filters? - ?Orchards? - ?Pesticides? - ?Trees (mathematics)

Uncontrolled terms: Adaptive kaiman filtering algorithm? - ?Apple trees? - ?Automatic profiling? - ?Canopy layer? - ?Canopy layer of apple tree? - ?Filtering algorithm? - ?Kaiman filtering? - ?PID control algorithm? - ?Positional PID control algorithm? - ?Precision application of pesticide ? - ?Precision applications

Classification code: 214 Materials Science? - ?301.1.1 Liquid Dynamics? - ?301.2.2 Electrohydrodynamics? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?802.3 Chemical Operations? - ?821.1 Woodlands and Forestry? - ?821.3 Agricultural Chemicals? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1201.8 Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory? - ?1502.1.1.3 Soil Pollution

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 2.64E+01%, Percentage 3.30E+01%, Percentage 4.00E+01%, Percentage 4.98E+01%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 6.42E+01%, Size 1.00E00m, Size 3.20E-02m, Size 4.10E-02m, Size 4.80E-02m, Size 6.00E+00m, Size 8.00E+00m, Volume 2.03E-03m3

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.039

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

31. Research Progress on Unmanned Precision Seeding Technology and Equipment for Major Grain and Oil Crops

Accession number: 20253919240591

Title of translation: 主要粮油作物无人化精密播种技术与装备研究进展

Authors: Wang, Xin (1, 2); Zhang, Kailiang (1, 2); Zhang, Dongxing (1, 2); Mou, Jinsheng (1, 2); Yin, Xinwei (1, 2); Cui, Tao (1, 2); He, Xiantao (1, 2); Yang, Li (1, 2)

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 20-41

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Unmanned precision seeding technology can effectively address the issue of labor shortages in agriculture, which is one of the key technologies for achieving smart agriculture in major grain and oil crops. In recent years, with the continuous advancement of modern information technology and the increasing sophistication of precision seeding technology, the realization of unmanned precision seeding has become feasible. The current state of research and application cases both domestically and internationally was combined to systematically elaborate on the six key technologies for achieving unmanned precision seeding of major grain and oilseed crops; environmental perception, high-performance seed distribution, intelligent regulation of operational parameters, monitoring of operational quality, path planning, and trajectory tracking. Among these, environmental perception included field boundary identification, obstacle recognition, and soil fertility information acquisition; intelligent regulation of operational parameters includes intelligent regulation of seeding depth and seed quantity; and monitoring of operational quality includes monitoring of operational speed and seeding quality. Finally, the existing issues in the research on unmanned precision seeding technology and equipment for major grain and oil crops were summarized; the technical contradiction between high-speed operation and high-precision seed distribution was prominent; the robustness of high-precision autonomous navigation systems was insufficient; the environmental adaptability of multi-source sensors was poor, and cost constraints were significant; there was a structural conflict between equipment lightweighting and endurance capacity; system integration capabilities were weak, and a standardized ecosystem was lacking. The future development trends were also outlined. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 143

Main heading: Environmental technology

Controlled terms: Agribusiness? - ?Agricultural machinery? - ?Crops? - ?Engineering research? - ?Environmental regulations? - ?Grain (agricultural product)? - ?Precision agriculture? - ?Seed? - ?Smart agriculture

Uncontrolled terms: Grain crops? - ?Intelligent regulations? - ?Key technologies? - ?Major grain and oil crop? - ?Oil crops? - ?Precision seeding? - ?Seeding technology? - ?Smart agricultures? - ?Technology and equipments? - ?Unmanned precision seeding

Classification code: 821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?901.3 Engineering Research? - ?1502 Environmental Engineering? - ?1502.1 Environmental Impact and Protection

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.002

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

32. Design and Experiment of Hydraulic System for Sowing Depth Control in High-speed No-till Planter

Accession number: 20253919240562

Title of translation: 高速免耕播种机播深机电液控仿形液压系统设计与试验

Authors: Wang, Xing (1); Chen, Mingdong (1); Liu, Liyi (1, 2); Yang, Haoyuan (1); Zhang, Ruifeng (1); Chen, Haitao (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin; 150066, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 164-176

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the issue of unstable seeding depth during high-speed operation of no-till seeders, a hydraulic system for seeding depth stability control was designed to improve the operational quality of no-till seeders. The seeding depth stability control system mainly consisted of a mechanical system, a hydraulic system, and a control system. The control system collected real-time output pressure data of the electro-hydraulic proportional pressure reducing valve through a pressure sensor, it was compared with the system set value, a PWM signal with a certain duty cycle was calculated and output to the XMD —01 controller, and then the coil current of the electro-hydraulic proportional pressure reducing valve was adjusted to control the spool displacement. This enabled the pressure in the rodless cavity of the hydraulic cylinder to remain constant, achieving differential control to ensure the stability of seeding depth. Based on the pressure of the profiling wheel corresponding to a certain seeding depth, the structure of the hydraulic circuit, the types and parameters of hydraulic components were determined. The hydraulic system simulation was carried out through AMESim, and with the pressure, flow rate and displacement change of the hydraulic cylinder as indicators, it was determined that the response frequency of the hydraulic system can reach 5 Hz. Bench verification showed that under a pressure input of 18 MPa, the average response time was 0. 125 s, the overshoot ranged from 0. 5 0 % to 12. 2 4 %, and the average overshoot was 6. 1 8 %, which proved that the simulation results were real and reliable. Field performance comparison test results indicated that under high-speed operation conditions of 14 ~ 16 k m / h, the average qualified rate of furrowing depth in the electro-hydraulic controlled profiling hydraulic system regulation mode was 8 3 %, with a standard deviation of 4. 605 mm and an average coefficient of variation of 1 2 . 8 8 % . Compared with the mechanical spring control method, the average qualification rate of trenching depth showed an increase of 2 7 % . ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 26

Main heading: Cylinders (shapes)

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Displacement control? - ?Frequency response? - ?Hydraulic equipment? - ?Hydraulic machinery? - ?Proportional control systems? - ?Springs (components)

Uncontrolled terms: AMESim simulation? - ?Depth control? - ?Electro-hydraulics? - ?High-speed operation? - ?Hydraulic system? - ?No-till? - ?No-till planters? - ?Proportional pressure-reducing valves? - ?Seeding depth? - ?Sowing depth control

Classification code: 408.1 Structural Members and Shapes? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?941.5 Mechanical Variables Measurements? - ?1401.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery

Numerical data indexing: Frequency 5.00E+00Hz, Percentage 0.00E00% to 1.20E+01%, Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 7.00E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Pressure 1.80E+07Pa, Size 6.05E-01m, Time 1.25E+02s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.014

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

33. EL-DenseNet: Mushroom Recognition Based on Erasing Module Using DenseNet

Accession number: 20253919240609

Title of translation: EL - DenseNet:基于擦除模块和DenseNet的蘑菇识别

Authors: Wang, Yaojun (1); Zhao, Weiting (1); Bie, Yuhui (1); Jia, Lu (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 628-637

Language: English

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Target occlusion poses a significant challenge in computer vision, particularly in agricultural applications, where occlusion of crops can obscure key features and impair the model’s recognition performance. To address this challenge, a mushroom recognition method was proposed based on an erase module integrated into the EL DenseNet model. EL-DenseNet, an extension of DenseNet, incorporated an erase attention module designed to enhance sensitivity to visible features. The erase module helped eliminate complex backgrounds and irrelevant information, allowing the mushroom body to be preserved and increasing recognition accuracy in cluttered environments. Considering the difficulty in distinguishing similar mushroom species, label smoothing regularization was employed to mitigate mislabeling errors that commonly arose from human observers. This strategy converted hard labels into soft labels during training, reducing the model’s overreliance on noisy labels and improving its generalization ability. Experimental results showed that the proposed EL - DenseNet, when combined with transfer learning, achieved a recognition accuracy of 96. 7% for mushrooms in occluded and complex backgrounds. Compared with the original DenseNet and other classic models, this approach demonstrated superior accuracy and robustness, providing a promising solution for intelligent mushroom recognition. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 23

Main heading: Fungi

Controlled terms: Crops? - ?Labels

Uncontrolled terms: Complex background? - ?Densenet? - ?Erase module? - ?Key feature? - ?Label smoothing? - ?Model recognition? - ?Mushroom recognition? - ?Performance? - ?Recognition accuracy? - ?Recognition methods

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?103.1 Microbiology? - ?691.2.1 Materials Control? - ?694.1 Packaging Materials and Equipment? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 7.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.053

Funding text: National Key R&D Program (2023YFD1701000).

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

34. Evolution Rules of Competition, Development and Coordination of Water-Land-Food-Ecology for Hetao Irrigation District

Accession number: 20253919240592

Title of translation: 河套灌区水-地-粮食-生态竞争发展协调关系演变规律

Authors: Wang, Youzhi (1, 2); Liu, Bingbing (1, 2); Zhang, Han (1, 2); Wang, Nan (1, 3); Han, Jinxu (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou; 450003, China; (2) Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou; 450003, China; (3) College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 677-685

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to quantitatively disclose water and land resources competitions of food - ecology system, and explore balance relationship between coordination and development of water - food, and water - ecology system, further support scientific management of water and land resources, a framework integrating water footprint, ecological footprint with sustainable development model and Lotka - Volterra model was formulated. It can quantify balance states of coordination and development of water - food, and water - ecology system. Besides, it can identify competition and coordination of water and land usages of food - ecology system, and corresponding evolution rules. Moreover, it can explain contributions of canal water infiltration, fertilizer usage, crop planting on competition or coordination degrees of food - ecology system. The results showed that water - food system and water - ecology system were all in high development and low coordinate state and unbalance degree of water - ecology system was higher than that of water-food system. Water and land usage of food system was expense of these of ecology system. Canal water infiltration could relieve water competition of food - ecology system by 4% ? 6%, and crop planting could alleviate land competition of food - ecology system by 2% ? 42% . The results could support water and land resources allocation and sustainable food and ecology development. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 27

Main heading: Hydraulic structures

Controlled terms: Abiotic? - ?Agribusiness? - ?Crops? - ?Ecology? - ?Lettuce? - ?Natural environment? - ?Sustainable development? - ?Water management

Uncontrolled terms: Development model? - ?Ecological footprint? - ?Entropy-based? - ?Entropy-based sustainable development model? - ?Hetao irrigation districts? - ?Land resources? - ?Lotka-Volterra models? - ?Water - land - food - ecology? - ?Water ecology? - ?Waters resources

Classification code: 444 Water Resources? - ?446 Waterworks? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1501.1 Sustainable Development? - ?1502.2 Ecology and Ecosystems

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 2.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 4.20E+01%, Percentage 6.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.058

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

35. Application of Foundation Model Technology for Smart Farming in Edge Computing and Agricultural Internet of Things (Agri-IoT)

Accession number: 20253919240583

Title of translation: 智慧养殖农业物联网与边缘计算中大模型技术应用综述

Authors: Xue, Feiyue (1, 2); Zhou, Yuling (3, 4); Li, Junkai (3, 4); Li, Xiaowen (3, 4); Huang, Wangjun (3, 4); Xiao, Yimin (3, 4); Sha, Ying (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Agriculture, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Smart Farming Technology for Agricultural Animals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, Wuhan; 430070, China; (4) College oj Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 291-311

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Smart farming refers to the application of modern information technologies and automation systems to optimize livestock production management, thereby enhancing efficiency, ensuring animal welfare, and reducing resource consumption. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, particularly large language models (LLMs), smart agriculture is undergoing a new phase of intelligent transformation. The application of LLM technologies in the domain of smart livestock farming was investigated, with a particular focus on their integration with agricultural internet of things (Agri — IoT) and edge computing technologies. The fundamental concepts and key enabling technologies of Agri — IoT and edge computing were firstly defined within the context of smart agriculture. Then the integration strategies of multimodal LLMs into Agri — IoT and edge computing systems were explored. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which LLM-driven multi-agent collaboration enabled intelligent coordination and adaptive responses among distributed edge devices were analyzed. Representative application scenarios of LLM-based intelligent terminals in smart farming environments were also presented. Finally, the future development direction of large language models in the field of smart farming was model lightweighting and the optimization of edge computing architecture. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 85

Main heading: Edge computing

Controlled terms: Agribusiness? - ?Agriculture? - ?Artificial intelligence? - ?Automation? - ?Information management? - ?Internet of things? - ?Livestock? - ?Smart agriculture

Uncontrolled terms: Agent collaboration? - ?Agricultural internet of thing? - ?Edge computing? - ?Language model? - ?Large language model? - ?Modeling technology? - ?Multi agent? - ?Multi-agent collaboration? - ?Smart agricultures? - ?Smart farming

Classification code: 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?903 Information Science? - ?1101 Artificial Intelligence? - ?1103.3 Data Communication, Equipment and Techniques? - ?1105 Computer Networks? - ?1106 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.022

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

36. Estimating Vegetation Chlorophyll Content Based on Hyperspectral Red Edge Skewness, Kurtosis, and Machine Learning

Accession number: 20253919240602

Title of translation: 基于高光谱红边偏度、峰度和机器学习的植被叶绿素含量估算模型研究

Authors: Yao, Fuqi (1); Zeng, Fanchao (1, 2); Sun, Jinwei (3); Rao, Zhilong (1); Wang, Zihan (1)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai; 264025, China; (2) Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun; 130102, China; (3) School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai; 264025, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 566-575 and 595

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Chlorophyll is a key component in plant photosynthesis and an important indicator of physiological status and plant health. Accurate estimation of chlorophyll content is essential for monitoring plant growth conditions. Although traditional rededge parameters were widely used in chlorophyll estimation, they presented certain limitations. To address these shortcomings, rededge skewness (SRE) and rededge kurtosis (KRE) were introduced as novel rededge parameters to explore their relationship with chlorophyll content. Taking winter wheat and summer maize as study subjects, three modeling approaches-multiple linear regression (MLR), extreme gradient boosting ( XGBoost ), and backpropagation neural network ( BPNN ) -were employed to compare the performance of chlorophyll estimation models by using the proposed parameters versus traditional rededge parameters. The results demonstrated that SRE and KRE were significantly negatively correlated with chlorophyll content, showing a decreasing trend as chlorophyll levels were increased. Across all three modeling methods and crop types, models incorporating SRE and KRE achieved higher prediction accuracy than those based on traditional rededge parameters, characterized by higher R2, lower RMSE, and more concentrated residual distributions, indicating enhanced model stability and precision. Among the three modeling approaches, the BPNN model consistently exhibited the best performance, with significantly higher R2 values compared with that of MLR and XGBoost. The research result confirmed that SRE and KRE provided a more comprehensive representation of chlorophyll variation than traditional rededge parameters. When combined with BPNN modeling, they can substantially improve the accuracy of chlorophyll content estimation. These findings can offer a novel technical pathway for high-precision chlorophyll monitoring and had practical implications for crop condition assessment and precision agriculture. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 35

Main heading: Chlorophyll

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Backpropagation? - ?Crops? - ?Grain (agricultural product)? - ?Higher order statistics? - ?Linear regression? - ?Neural networks? - ?Parameter estimation? - ?Plant diseases? - ?Plants (botany) ? - ?Precision agriculture

Uncontrolled terms: Back-propagation neural networks? - ?Chlorophyll contents? - ?Estimation models? - ?Machine-learning? - ?Modeling approach? - ?Red edge? - ?Red edge kurtosis? - ?Red edge skewness? - ?Three models

Classification code: 101.1 Biomedical Engineering? - ?103 Biology? - ?804.1 Organic Compounds? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1101 Artificial Intelligence? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1201 Mathematics? - ?1202 Statistical Methods? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.047

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

37. Design and Experiment of Dispersion Device for Screw Feeder

Accession number: 20253919240576

Title of translation: 螺旋喂料机打散装置设计与实验

Authors: Yu, Yuan (1); Li, Xingshuai (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing; 100029, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 473-481

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: A dispersion device for screw feeder was designed in order to improve the feeding continuity and fine powder dispersity. The transport of fine particles was simulated numerically by using discrete element method. In order to solve the problem of large computation amount and high computation cost, the coarse-grained technology was introduced, and the surface energy parameter of the powder was obtained by the repose angle calibration method. The simulation results showed that the variation coefficient of particle number in the outlet area of the feeder was reduced by 53. 4%, and the variation coefficient of particle number distribution in the outlet area was reduced by 36. 4% . High-speed camera was used to collect images of powder falling process (feeding), and the image processing results showed that when the feeding speed was 12 k g / h, 18 kg/h and 24 k g / h, the variation coefficient of powder area distribution in the continuous feeding time of the feeder with the dispersion device was reduced by 7 4 . 8 %, 7 5 . 0 % and 6 8 . 2 %, respectively, compared with the screw feeder without the dispersion device. The maximum connected area was decreased by 84. 6%, 83. 0% and 83. 3%, respectively. Both simulation and experimental results showed that the dispersion device can improve feeding continuity and fine powder dispersity. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Granular materials

Controlled terms: Discrete element methods? - ?Dispersions? - ?Feeding? - ?Finite difference method? - ?High speed cameras? - ?Image processing? - ?Light transmission? - ?Particles (particulate matter)? - ?Screws

Uncontrolled terms: Computation costs? - ?Discrete elements method? - ?Dispersion device? - ?Fine powders? - ?Fine-particles? - ?Particle numbers? - ?Powder dispersity? - ?Screw feeders? - ?Simulation? - ?Variation coefficient

Classification code: 214 Materials Science? - ?605.2 Small Tools, Unpowered? - ?691.2 Materials Handling Methods? - ?741.1 Light/Optics? - ?742.2 Photographic and Video Equipment? - ?1106.3.1 Image Processing? - ?1201.5 Computational Mathematics? - ?1201.9 Numerical Methods

Numerical data indexing: Mass 1.80E+01kg, Percentage 0.00E00%, Percentage 2.00E+00%, Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 6.00E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.038

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

38. Innovation and Application of High-efficiency Precision Irrigation Equipment and Technology

Accession number: 20253919240581

Title of translation: 高效精准灌溉装备与技术创新及应用

Authors: Yuan, Shouqi (1); Li, Hong (1); Tang, Lingdi (1); Li, Yanjun (1); Pei, Ji (1); Wang, Wenjie (1); Li, Yalin (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 312-325

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Agricultural “water lifting” and “irrigation + fertilization” equipment and technology are the core of modern agricultural irrigation systems. Addressing the critical challenges in China’s agricultural irrigation, such as low pump efficiency, poor precision in irrigation and fertilization, and difficult regulation, it was focused on research in the development of high-efficiency precision irrigation equipment and system integration. A nonlinear cavitation equation based on liquid-phase surface tension was established, revealing the evolution mechanism of variable-curvature Dean vortices, achieving full-flow-channel energy matching in pump systems, and creating high-efficiency anti-cavitation multi-condition design technology and an intelligent optimization platform. The developed high-efficiency axial/mixed-flow pump series achieved an efficiency of 87. 20%, surpassing foreign counterparts by 3. 2 percentage points, and the bidirectional flow channel pump unit was developed, reaching international leading standards. A multi-energy drive-transmission coupling optimized matching method was established, leading to the development of intelligent electric-driven, new-type hydraulic turbine-driven, and hydraulically driven reel-type sprinkler series. An innovative solid fertilizer precision mixing and application device based on fuzzy control strategy was introduced, and a high-precision digital twin platform integrating health operation monitoring and energy-efficient water distribution scheduling for pumping stations in the irrigation system was constructed. The drive-transmission efficiency of the developed sprinkler machines was increased by approximately 20%, and the hydraulic turbine efficiency surpassed foreign counterparts by 10. 9 percentage points. The solid fertilizer dissolution and mixing device achieved a fertilizer solution concentration accuracy of 94. 4% . The research outcomes were widely applied in major national projects such as the Pi — Shi — Hang Irrigation District and the Yangtze-to-Huaihe Water Diversion Project, extensively used in major grain-producing regions like Hebei and H e n a n, as well as in the Belt and Road countries. Research results significantly improved water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and promoted the efficient and sustainable development of modern agriculture. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Fuzzy control

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Cavitation? - ?Cavitation corrosion? - ?Channel flow? - ?Electric power transmission? - ?Hydraulic machinery? - ?Hydraulic motors? - ?Hydraulic turbines? - ?Pumping plants? - ?Pumps ? - ?Sprinkler systems (fire fighting)? - ?Sprinkler systems (irrigation)? - ?Sustainable development? - ?Transmissions? - ?Water distribution systems

Uncontrolled terms: Agricultural irrigation? - ?Fertilisation? - ?Fertilizer apparatus? - ?Flow channels? - ?Higher efficiency? - ?Irrigation equipment? - ?Irrigation systems? - ?Precision irrigation? - ?Pump device? - ?Sprinkler machine

Classification code: 201.9.1 Metals Corrosion? - ?301.1 Fluid Flow? - ?301.1.1 Liquid Dynamics? - ?446 Waterworks? - ?446.1 Water Supply Systems? - ?602.2 Mechanical Transmissions? - ?609.2 Pumps? - ?706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission? - ?731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?914.2 Fires and Fire Protection? - ?1007.1 Turbines and Steam Turbines? - ?1401.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery? - ?1501.1 Sustainable Development

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 2.00E+01%, Percentage 4.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.023

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

39. Research on Path Planning Method for Weeding Robots in Paddy Fields Based on DARP Algorithm

Accession number: 20253919240603

Title of translation: 基于DARP算法的水田除草机器人路径规划方法研究

Authors: Zhang, Baofeng (1); Si, Xiang (1); Cai, Yuzhe (1); Gu, Xuexing (1); Cao, Ye (1); Xi, Xiaobo (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225127, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 335-343

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the challenge of difficult mechanized weeding inter-column paddy fields, a collaborative multi-robot weeding system for rice fields was proposed based on the “ duck-rice co-cultivation” weed control model, utilizing post-transplanting seedling maps obtained from intelligent rice transplanters. Ensuring effective weed removal in both inter-row and inter-column spaces, a complete coverage path planning (C C P P) method for robotic swarms was developed based on the divide areas algorithm for optimal multi-robot coverage path planning. This approach randomly partitioned operational areas through allocation matrices, established global start/end points. And suffered boustrophedon coverage patterns and A * algorithm enlighten to propose three selection validation functions based on the DFS algorithm, which were designed to enable stochastic path discovery from global start points through work areas to terminal points, while controlled strategies constrain maximum path length and turning frequency. The methodology incorporated different turning angle-based counting mechanisms because of the turning of robot and decentralized hardware costs, operational duration, and energy consumption of multi-robots. Multiple iterations were used to calculate the global optimal solution under multi-machine collaborative operation. A conventional paddy field model was established in the form of a grid map, and Matlab simulation software was used to conduct experiments on complete coverage path planning for multi-robots cooperative weeding and the relationship of requiring number of robots was determined from the perspectives of paddy field area and total cost. The results showed that when weeding time was prioritized, with 0. 1, 0. 8, and 0. 1 weighting coefficients, the path planning method determined that the optimal number of robots for the 6. 15 m X 6. 15 m paddy field map was 3, achieving 100% coverage and a total weeding cost of 3 8 . 0 8 . When the number of robots was small, hardware costs dominated and should be prioritized for optimization. As the number of robots was increased, energy consumption costs were risen significantly and should be prioritized for optimization. The findings demonstrated that the proposed algorithm achieved effective multi-robot cooperative planning, providing a reference for path planning of small-scale paddy field weeding robots. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 34

Main heading: Motion planning

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Collaborative robots? - ?Costs? - ?Cultivation? - ?Energy utilization? - ?Industrial robots? - ?Intelligent robots? - ?Iterative methods? - ?MATLAB? - ?Multipurpose robots ? - ?Optimization? - ?Robot learning? - ?Robot programming? - ?Weed control

Uncontrolled terms: Collaborative operations? - ?Coverage path planning? - ?DARP algorithm? - ?Full coverage path planning? - ?Multi-machine collaborative operation? - ?Multi-machines? - ?Multirobots? - ?Paddy field weeding robot? - ?Paddy fields? - ?Weeding robots

Classification code: 101.6.1 Robotic Assistants? - ?731.5 Robotics? - ?731.6 Robot Applications? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics? - ?1009.2 Energy Consumption? - ?1101 Artificial Intelligence? - ?1106.1 Computer Programming? - ?1106.5 Computer Applications? - ?1201.5 Computational Mathematics? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques? - ?1201.9 Numerical Methods

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E+02%, Size 1.50E+01m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.025

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

40. Design and Dynamic Characteristics Investigation of Servo Motor-driven Water Pressure Proportional Valve

Accession number: 20253919223703

Title of translation: 伺服电机驱动水压比例阀设计与动态特性研究

Authors: Zhang, He (1); Zhao, Jiyun (2); Cao, Huijie (1); Zhang, Bin (1); Zhao, Chunxiao (3); Wang, Yunfei (4)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221116, China; (3) College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (4) School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221116, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 798-808

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Water medium presents multiple benefits, such as low cost, minimum pollution of the environment, and minor viscosity fluctuations due to temperature. Conventional electro-hydraulic servo valve and proportional valve have significant leakage due to their slipping valve core construction in water-based environments, making them difficult to adapt directly to hydraulic systems. A pilot double spool high-pressure, high-flow water pressure proportional valve structure was presented. The pilot stage was a two-position three-way valve powered by two servo motors, while the main stage was a “active spool” two-way plug-in valve construction. The twin pilot stages managed upper and lower control chambers of main valve respectively. A mathematical model for pilot stage and main valve was established. The step response of pilot stage was simulated and analyzed, ensuring no overshoot of valve core displacement, and a rise time of 62.7 ms was achieved. When the load was suddenly applied, the servo motor speed returned to normal after 1.27 ms. The key factors affecting performance of main stage were pilot supply pressure, pilot damping, and control chamber diameter. The optimal performance can be obtained by setting them at 10 MPa, 2.5 mm, and 40 mm, respectively. Finally, a prototype was developed and a test platform based on xPC Target was built. The results showed that when servo motor was optimized for 20 000 pulses per revolution and the pilot valve had a 0.2 mm step response, the non overshoot step response time was less than 140 ms, with an error of approximately 3 ?m. When entire valve rose in a 10 mm step without load, there was a delay, and the adjustment time was about 400 ms. When the entire valve was loaded with a 5 mm step up, the rise time was 194 ms and the adjustment time was 752 ms. The research results can provide a reference for the development of similar hydraulic valves. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 26

Main heading: Step response

Controlled terms: Flow of water? - ?Hydraulic equipment? - ?Hydraulic machinery? - ?Hydraulics? - ?Leakage (fluid)? - ?Pressure distribution? - ?Proportional control systems? - ?Servomotors? - ?Water pollution

Uncontrolled terms: Adjustment time? - ?Design characteristics? - ?Independent load port? - ?Main valve? - ?Proportional valves? - ?Risetimes? - ?Servo-motor? - ?Valve cores? - ?Water hydraulics? - ?Water pressures

Classification code: 301.1.1 Liquid Dynamics? - ?610.1 Pipe, Piping, and Pipelines? - ?705.3 Electric Motors? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?731.7 Mechatronics? - ?1106.3 Digital Signal Processing? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics? - ?1401.1 Hydraulics? - ?1401.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery? - ?1502.1.1.2 Water Pollution

Numerical data indexing: Pressure 1.00E+07Pa, Size 1.00E-02m, Size 2.00E-04m, Size 2.50E-03m, Size 4.00E-02m, Size 5.00E-03m, Time 1.27E-03s, Time 1.40E-01s, Time 1.94E-01s, Time 4.00E-01s, Time 6.27E-02s, Time 7.52E-01s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.070

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

41. Improved Method and Verification of Energy Management Strategy of Hybrid Tractor ECVT Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle

Accession number: 20253919240607

Title of translation: 基于庞特里亚金极小值原理的混合动力拖拉机 ECVT 能量管理策略改进方法与验证

Authors: Zhang, Kai (1); Wang, Lin (2); Deng, Xiaoting (1); Lu, Yang (1); Lu, Zhixiong (1); Xu, Xiaomei (3); Cheng, Zhun (3); Zhang, Boqu (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang; 471039, China; (3) College of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 766-779

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: The multi-node and multi-power source arrangement of electronic continuously variable transmission (ECVT) configuration of planetary gear of series-parallel hybrid tractor, and the decoupling output of power take-off (PTO) and tractor speed make the energy management strategy meet the needs of off-design tractor. Therefore, taking the OS (output-split)- ECVT configuration of series-parallel hybrid tractor generated by lever topology method as the research object, the working principle and kinematics characteristics of the configuration were expounded. An improved energy management strategy based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) was proposed, so as to overcome the disadvantage that the traditional energy management strategy based on PMP cannot meet the terminal minimum judgment condition and needed to iterate the whole cycle condition again, which led to the failure of the strategy to meet the real-time solution requirements of the hybrid power system. Firstly, the state equation of the system was established to ensure that the minimum trajectory was constrained by state variables. Then according to the Pontryagin’s minimum principle, the Hamilton equation was constructed. Finally, the judgment position of the minimum condition was changed when the strategy was solved, and it was proved by mathematics that the improved strategy met the necessary conditions for solving the Pontryagin’s minimum principle. The simulation of energy-saving control was completed under plough and rotary tillage conditions respectively. The results showed that the improved strategy proposed had the same and equivalent characteristics as the traditional strategy, which proved that the improved strategy had greater application space. Compared with optimal operating line (OOL) strategy, the improved strategy reduced the equivalent fuel consumption by about 8. 39% under ploughing conditions and by about 15. 34% under rotating tillage conditions, which effectively improved the fuel economy of high-powered hybrid tractors. MG2 can play a wider range of speed regulation characteristics under ploughing conditions, and the stepless speed change performance of the whole machine was more excellent. Under plough and rotating tillage conditions, the energy conversion of the whole machine was more economical, which ensured that the whole machine had more efficient power output and shunt performance. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 32

Main heading: Tractors (truck)

Controlled terms: Agriculture? - ?Electric power transmission? - ?Energy conservation? - ?Energy conversion? - ?Energy management? - ?Equations of state? - ?Fuel economy? - ?Hybrid power? - ?Power control? - ?Power takeoffs ? - ?Tractors (agricultural)

Uncontrolled terms: Condition? - ?Continuously variable transmission? - ?Energy? - ?Energy-saving control? - ?Hybrid tractor? - ?Management strategies? - ?Output-split? - ?Pontryagin’s minimum principles? - ?Variable transmission? - ?Whole machine

Classification code: 522 Fuels? - ?663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles? - ?663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components? - ?702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells? - ?706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission? - ?731.3 Specific Variables Control? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?1009 Energy Management? - ?1009.1 Energy Conservation? - ?1009.2 Energy Consumption? - ?1301.1.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids? - ?1501.1.1 Sustainable Transport

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 3.40E+01%, Percentage 3.90E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.067

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

42. Exploration of Metaverse Technology Applications in Agricultural Machinery

Accession number: 20253919240572

Title of translation: 农业机械元宇宙技术应用进展

Authors: Zhang, Liuyang (1); Chen, Liqing (1, 2); Zhu, Hailing (1); Wan, Ling (1, 2); Liu, Ce (2); Xie, Dongbo (1)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (2) Anhui Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Agricultural Machinery, Hefei; 230036, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 278-290

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: With the development of computer and artificial intelligence technologies, metaverse technology has provided approaches for the design, testing, and optimization of agricultural machinery. The progress in the application of metaverse technology in the agricultural machinery sector was systematically reviewed. Firstly, the concept, key technologies, and architectural framework of the metaverse were elaborated, with a focus on its software platforms, hardware devices, and the construction methods of agricultural metaverse simulation platforms. Secondly, based on five typical types of agricultural machinery—tillage and seeding, plant protection, harvesting, power machinery, and agricultural robots—the current applications of metaverse technology in operational environment simulation, performance analysis, and virtual testing were explored. Research indicated that metaverse technology, through high-precision modeling and dynamic simulation, can significantly enhance the efficiency of agricultural machinery development and reduce testing costs. Finally, future research directions were proposed, including the deep integration of agricultural machinery design, the study of operational mechanisms for plant protection machinery, the evaluation of loss rates in harvesters, performance optimization of power machinery, and the collaborative operation of agricultural machinery clusters. The research result can provide theoretical references for the deeper integration of metaverse technology and agricultural machinery. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 102

Main heading: Human computer interaction

Controlled terms: Agricultural robots? - ?Cultivation? - ?Digital twin? - ?Harvesters? - ?Integration testing? - ?Machine design? - ?Seed? - ?Simulation platform? - ?Tillage

Uncontrolled terms: Artificial intelligence technologies? - ?Computer intelligence technologies? - ?Computer interaction? - ?Deep integrations? - ?Metaverses? - ?Optimisations? - ?Plant protection? - ?Power machinery? - ?Technology application? - ?Virtual simulations

Classification code: 601 Mechanical Design? - ?731.6 Robot Applications? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?904 Design? - ?1106.5 Computer Applications? - ?1107 Human-Machine Systems? - ?1107.1 Virtual Reality Technology? - ?1201.12 Modeling and Simulation

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.021

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

43. Effects of Deficit Irrigation Combined with Biochar on Summer Maize Yield and Soil N2O Emission in Guanzhong Plain

Accession number: 20253919240612

Title of translation: 亏缺灌溉配施生物炭对关中平原夏玉米产量和土壤N2o排放的影响

Authors: Zhang, Pengyan (1, 2); Liu, Jiangzhou (1, 2); Wang, Maodong (1, 2); Cai, Huanjie (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 686-696

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In order to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation with biochar application on N2O emission from summer maize farmland and summer maize yield, and determine reasonable yield environment friendly field management measures, a locational trial was conducted in Guanzhong Plain in 2021 and 2022 to monitor N2O emission from farmland by using static chamber gas chromatography, and comprehensively analyze the yield of summer maize, the physicochemical properties of the soil, the emission of N2O and the uptake of nitrogen by the plant. Based on the amount of biochar application and irrigation, the experiment was designed with four treatments (B1 W 100: 30 t/hm2 of biochar + evapotranspiration (ET) ; B1 W80: 30 t/hm2 of biochar + 0. 8 ET; B0 W 100 : no biochar + ET; B0W80 : no biochar + 0. 8 ET) . The experimental results showed that the N2O emission trends were similar among treatments during the summer maize growth season, reaching the highest peak of emission at the jointing stage and the second peak of season after the 1st irrigation. Biochar and deficit irrigation both significantly reduced total N2O emissions during the summer maize season, and the interaction was significant (P 3- -N content compared with W 100. Yield tended to be greater for W 100 than that of W80 at different irrigation levels, with biochar application significantly increased summer maize yield by 7. 02% and 6. 46% in 2021 and 2022 and increased plant N uptake. The cumulative N2O emissions per unit of yield of B1 was smaller than that of B0, and that of W80 was smaller than that of W 100, with B1 W80 treatment significantly lower than the rest of the treatments (P 2O emission was positively correlated with WFPS, indicating that elevated soil moisture increased the N2O emission potential. The potential application of biochar in yield increase and emission reduction and the positive role of deficit irrigation in reducing greenhouse gas emissions were revealed. The TOPSIS method was used for comprehensive evaluation, and B1 W80 was found to have the best overall evaluation value. Therefore, deficit irrigation with biochar application can be used as a water-saving, high-yielding and environment friendly production model for summer maize in Guanzhong Plain, and the research result can provide an important scientific basis for realizing the goals of water-saving, yield-increasing, carbon sequestration and emission reduction in farmland. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 45

Main heading: Physicochemical properties

Controlled terms: Carbon emissions? - ?Farms? - ?Gas emissions? - ?Grain (agricultural product)? - ?Irrigation? - ?Landforms? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Soil pollution? - ?Soil temperature? - ?Soils

Uncontrolled terms: Biochar? - ?Deficit irrigation? - ?Environment friendly? - ?Guanzhong plain? - ?Maize yield? - ?N content? - ?N2O emission? - ?Summer maize? - ?Water-filled pore space? - ?Yield

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?481.1 Geology? - ?483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics? - ?801.3 Physical Chemistry? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1502.1.1.1.1 Air Pollution Sources? - ?1502.1.1.3 Soil Pollution? - ?1502.1.2 Climate Change

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 2.00E+00%, Percentage 4.60E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.059

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

44. Real-time Generation Method of Local Soil Organic Matter Distribution Maps for Precision Variable Seeding

Accession number: 20253919240585

Title of translation: 面向精准变量播种的土壤有机质局域分布图实时生成方法

Authors: Zhang, Xiaoshuang (1); Yang, Li (2); He, Xiantao (1, 2); Zhang, Dongxing (1, 2); Cui, Tao (1, 2); Bao, Lei (1); An, Shaoyi (1)

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 177-187

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the challenge that wide-width maize planters face in independently regulating seeding rates according to inter-row soil nutrient heterogeneity during variable-rate seeding, a lightweight real-time generation algorithm for local soil organic matter (SOM) distribution maps was proposed based on generative adversarial network (GAN), referred to as lightweight local soil organic matter distribution maps real-time generation algorithm (L — LSA) . The algorithm integrated a parallel architecture of dilated convolutions and standard convolutional residual blocks to enable collaborative extraction of global and local features from soil data points. These high-dimensional features were progressively upsampled and refined through a multi-layer deconvolutional residual network to generate high-precision local SOM distribution maps. To enhance boundary accuracy of the generated maps, the training process introduced a self-reconstruction task to improve the model’s edge-awareness capabilities. Additionally, it incorporated a gradient-penalized discriminator loss and a mean squared error (MSE) generator loss to jointly optimize the network parameters, ensuring that the generated images achieved high consistency with ground-truth maps in both pixel-wise accuracy and overall distribution. To verify the feasibility and advantages of variable-rate seeding strategies based on the L — LSA algorithm, a performance evaluation was conducted. The results showed that although increasing planter width slightly affected the map generation performance when using the test dataset as input, the overall accuracy remained high. The relative error (R E) stayed below 2. 5%, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was controlled under 1.0 g/kg, and the response time remained stable within 10 ms. Field validation experiments further demonstrated that the L — LSA algorithm outperformed traditional Kriging interpolation methods, reducing prediction errors at map boundaries by up to 1.67 percentage points and in central regions by up to 0. 75 percentage points, with an overall accuracy improvement of over 0. 93 percentage points. This effectively addressed the limitation of Kriging in boundary regions and improved overall mapping precision. Moreover, seeding accuracy evaluation using the L - LSA-generated global seeding prescription maps for4-row, 6-row, and 8-row maize planters revealed accuracy improvements of 1. 3 3, 3 . 4 6, and 2.33 percentage points, respectively, compared with sensor-based variable-rate seeding strategies. These findings demonstrated that the proposed approach significantly enhanced the precision of variable-rate seeding operations. The research result can provide a technically effective method for high-precision local soil information mapping and offered a direction for variable-rate seeding decision-making. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 28

Main heading: Mean square error

Controlled terms: Biological materials? - ?Convolution? - ?Discriminators? - ?Errors? - ?Grain (agricultural product)? - ?Kriging? - ?Mapping? - ?Network architecture? - ?Network layers? - ?Nutrients ? - ?Parallel architectures? - ?Seed? - ?Statistical tests

Uncontrolled terms: Adversarial networks? - ?Distribution maps? - ?Generation algorithm? - ?Maize? - ?Percentage points? - ?Real- time? - ?Soil organic matters? - ?Spatial interpolation? - ?Variable rate? - ?Variable seeding

Classification code: 203 Biomaterials? - ?405.3 Surveying? - ?713.3 Modulators, Demodulators, Limiters, Discriminators, Mixers? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?731.1.1 Error Handling? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?822.3 Food Products? - ?1104 Computer Architecture? - ?1105 Computer Networks? - ?1105.2 Internet and Web Technologies? - ?1201.9 Numerical Methods? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics

Numerical data indexing: Mass 1.00E-03kg, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Time 1.00E-02s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.015

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

45. Error Compensation Improved MPC Track-laying Weeding Machine Path Tracking Control Method

Accession number: 20253919240577

Title of translation: 履带式除草机路径跟踪误差补偿改进型MPC控制方法

Authors: Zhao, Runmao (1, 2); Ding, Shuaiqi (1, 2); He, Jie (1, 2); Man, Zhongxian (1, 2); He, Zihao (1, 2); Ruan, Qingqiang (1, 2); Hu, Lian (1, 2); Wei, Zhenghui (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Guangzhou; 510642, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 326-334 and 354

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the problems of long online distance and large straight-line error caused by external disturbances such as side skidding and sliding of the weeding robot on bumpy roads during operation, a model predictive control (MPC) path tracking method with error compensation for tracked weeding robots was proposed. Firstly, a linear error model was established based on the kinematic characteristics of the tracked weeding robot. Then an MPC algorithm with control increment as the state quantity and control quantity and control increment as the constraint conditions was designed. Finally, to compensate for the errors caused by the sliding and slipping of the left and right tracks during the path tracking process of the weeding machine, the compensation was made in the system control quantity, and the optimal control quantity was obtained. The performance of the controller was verified in the Matlab/ Simulink simulation environment. The results showed that at a speed of 1 m / s, compared with the traditional MPC controller, the error compensation type MPC controller reduced the online distance by more than 2 6 % under three different initial states, and the lateral deviation and heading deviation of the straight-line path traeking after going online were redueed by more than 10% and 2 1 %, respectively. To verify the proposed method, four groups of weeding machine path tracking experiments were designed. Compared with the traditional MPC controller, the error compensation type MPC controller reduced the online distance by 14. 5% and 19. 1% respectively when the initial position deviation was 0. 5 m and 1 m and the heading deviation was 0° at speed of 1 m / s . The average lateral deviation and heading deviation of the straight-line path tracking after going online were reduced by 2 1 . 0 5 % and 29. 4%, and 16. 7% and 20. 8%, respectively. When the initial position deviation was 1 m and the heading deviation was 4 5 °, the online distance was reduced by 10. 1%, and the average lateral deviation and heading deviation of the straight-line path tracking after going online were reduced by 18. 7 5 % and 15. 7%, respectively. At a speed of 0. 5 m / s, when the initial position deviation was 1 m and the initial heading deviation was 0 °, the online distance was reduced by 16. 2%, and the average lateral deviation and heading deviation of the straight-line path tracking after going online were reduced by 2 1 . 4 % and 1 5 . 2 %, respectively. The error compensation type MPC controller can significantly reduce the online distance of the weeding machine and improve the tracking accuracy of the straight-line segment, providing a guarantee for high-precision path tracking of the weeding machine during weeding operations. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 28

Main heading: Error compensation

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Controllers? - ?MATLAB? - ?Optimal control systems? - ?Predictive control systems? - ?Weed control

Uncontrolled terms: Lateral deviation? - ?Machine path? - ?Matlab/simulink? - ?Model-predictive control? - ?Path tracking? - ?Simulink? - ?Straight-line paths? - ?Tracked weeding machine? - ?Weeding machines? - ?Weeding robots

Classification code: 731.1 Control Systems? - ?731.1.1 Error Handling? - ?732.1 Control Equipment? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?1106.5 Computer Applications? - ?1201.5 Computational Mathematics? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E+01%, Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 2.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 6.00E+00%, Percentage 7.00E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Size 1.00E00m, Size 5.00E+00m, Velocity 1.00E00m/s, Velocity 5.00E+00m/s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.024

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

46. Design and Testing of Potato Soil Separation and Conveying Measurement and Control System for Potato Picking Machine

Accession number: 20253919240616

Title of translation: 马铃薯捡拾机薯土分离输送测控系统设计与试验

Authors: An, Xiaofei (1, 2); Gan, Lei (3); Qin, Wuchang (2); Cong, Yue (2); Dong, Jiaxin (2); Zhang, Anqi (2, 3)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Research Center of Intelligent Equipment Technology for Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Beijing; 100083, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 440-449

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In response to the difficulty of real-time monitoring of operating parameters and the inability to continuously adjust the speed of potato soil separation in traditional lifting chain potato pickups, a separation and conveying measurement and control system was designed on existing potato pickups. Based on the working principle of potato pickers, the monitoring unit, transmission system, hydraulic system, and electronic control system were designed and modified to achieve real-time monitoring of operating speed, as well as monitoring and control of separation conveyor belt speed, vibration wheel frequency, and amplitude. A control accuracy verification test was conducted on the designed measurement and control system, with a separation conveyor belt speed of 100 r/min, a vibration wheel frequency of 4. 67 Hz, and an amplitude of 30 mm. Four operational level tests were carried out within the operating speed range of 0. 6 ~ 1.2 m/s. The experimental results showed that the maximum standard deviations of the separation conveyor belt speed, vibration wheel frequency, and amplitude were 2. 25 r/min, 0. 33 Hz, and 0. 06 mm, respectively, and the maximum average absolute errors were 1. 93 r/min, 0. 28 Hz, and 0. 04 mm, respectively. The average response time of the system was 1 s, indicating that the system had good accuracy and stability. Based on the designed separation and conveying measurement and control system, field experiments were conducted with potato damage rate as the evaluation index and separation conveyor belt speed, vibration wheel frequency, and amplitude as experimental factors. The experimental results showed that the degree of influence of various factors on potato damage, from high to low, was in the order of separation conveyor belt speed, vibration frequency, and amplitude. The optimal control parameters obtained were separation conveyor belt speed of 84. 7 r/min, vibration frequency of 3. 1 Hz, amplitude of 11.2 mm, and maximum potato damage rate of 1. 12%, which met the requirements of potato picking and harvesting operations. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 22

Main heading: Belt conveyors

Controlled terms: Damage detection? - ?Hydraulic equipment? - ?Hydraulic machinery? - ?Optimal control systems? - ?Pickups? - ?Soil testing? - ?Vibrations (mechanical)? - ?Wheels

Uncontrolled terms: Conveyor belts? - ?Damage rate? - ?Measurement and control systems? - ?Operating speed? - ?Picking and harvesting? - ?Picking machines? - ?Potato? - ?Real time monitoring? - ?Separation and conveying? - ?Vibration frequency

Classification code: 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?692.1 Conveyors? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?752 Sound Devices, Equipment and Systems? - ?913.3.1 Inspection? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics? - ?1401.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery? - ?1502.1.1.4.3 Soil Pollution Control

Numerical data indexing: Angular velocity 1.169E-01rad/s, Angular velocity 1.5531E+00rad/s, Angular velocity 1.67E+00rad/s, Angular velocity 4.175E-01rad/s, Frequency 1.00E00Hz, Frequency 2.80E+01Hz, Frequency 3.30E+01Hz, Frequency 6.70E+01Hz, Percentage 1.20E+01%, Size 1.12E-02m, Size 3.00E-02m, Size 4.00E-03m, Size 6.00E-03m, Time 1.00E00s, Velocity 6.00E+00m/s to 1.20E+00m/s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.035

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

47. Optimization of Wheat Protein Recovery from Gluten Production Wastewater and Its Structural Characterization

Accession number: 20253919240574

Title of translation: 谷朊粉生产废水中蛋白质回收工艺研究与结构分析

Authors: Chen, Kunjie (1); Lao, Yuting (1); Zhang, Shihang (1); Dong, Yan (2); Sun, Xiao (2); Bai, Yu (2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou College, Chuzhou; 239000, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 759-765 and 788

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In order to recover wheat protein (WP) from gluten slurry wastewater, the recovery process of alkali extraction and acid precipitation (AEAP) was carried out. The optimal process parameters of AEAP were determined by analytical factorization experiments, steepest-climbing experimental design and response surface analysis; the effect of ultrasonic assisted action on the recovery effect of WP was investigated by one-way test and response surface analysis; the structures of WP obtained by the two recovery methods were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that the optimal AEAP process conditions for WP extraction were pH value of 9. 6, temperature of 45 °C and time of 55 min for alkaline extraction, and pH value of 6, temperature of 30 °C and time of 20 min for acid precipitation. Under these conditions, the actual recovery of WP was (37. 94 ± 2. 52 )%. The addition of ultrasonication after acid conditioning increased the recovery of WP to (53. 83 ± 1. 37)% at a power of 140 W and a treatment time of 7 min, indicating that ultrasonication can significantly increase the extraction rate of WP. Infrared and fluorescence analyses showed that compared with the gluten protein, the β-fold and β-turn content of the recovered protein was significantly reduced, and the content of irregular curls and α-helices was significantly increased, and the fluorescence spectra were not only blueshifted, but also the fluorescence intensity was enhanced. The results can provide an important reference for the recycling of WP resources in gluten wastewater and have potential industrial applications. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 26

Main heading: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Controlled terms: Alkalinity? - ?Extraction? - ?Fluorescence? - ?Fluorescence spectroscopy? - ?pH? - ?Precipitation (chemical)? - ?Precipitation (meteorology)? - ?Recovery? - ?Spectrum analysis? - ?Surface analysis ? - ?Ultrasonic testing

Uncontrolled terms: Acid precipitation? - ?Alkali extraction? - ?Alkaline extraction? - ?Alkaline extraction and acid precipitation? - ?Gluten? - ?pH value? - ?Response surface analysis? - ?Structural characterization? - ?Ultrasound-assisted? - ?Wheat proteins

Classification code: 208 Coatings, Surfaces, Finishes, Films and Deposition? - ?443.3 Precipitation? - ?703 Electric Circuits? - ?741.1 Light/Optics? - ?753.3 Ultrasonic Applications? - ?801 Chemistry? - ?802.3 Chemical Operations? - ?1301.1.3.1 Spectroscopy? - ?1501.3 Sustainable Waste Managment

Numerical data indexing: Power 1.40E+02W, Temperature 3.03E+02K, Temperature 3.18E+02K, Time 1.20E+03s, Time 3.30E+03s, Time 4.20E+02s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.066

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

48. Motion Control of Wheel-leg Hybrid Robotic Leg for Adaptive Locomotion in Complex Terrain

Accession number: 20253919240565

Title of translation: 可适应复杂地形的轮足式机器腿运动控制硏究

Authors: Chen, Mingfang (1); Li, Ming (1); Chen, Nanting (2); Gao, Handong (1); Wang, Yan (1); Wang, Junzhi (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an; 710049, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 789-797 and 808

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Due to the complex and highly variable operational environments of agricultural robots, the exploration and development of leg structures with superior terrain adaptability have consistently been a central and critical focal point of research. Currently, most wheeled robots feature walking wheels installed directly at the foot end. In contrast, this paper proposes a novel wheel-footed robot leg structure, where the walking wheel is strategically positioned at the knee joint, and two distinct movement modes for the wheel-footed robot are designed accordingly. In consideration of the significant impact of robot joint friction, mechanism errors, and other practical factors on the accurate detection of ground contact based on foot force, as well as the substantial interference of variable loads on the robot’s dynamics model, the observation of foot force was innovatively transformed into monitoring the rate of change of foot force. This approach was achieved by developing a simplified yet effective dynamics model from the robot’s body to the foot. Reliable foot contact detection was then accomplished by intelligently integrating gait phase and foot height above the ground using the Kalman filter algorithm. Furthermore, an independent load mass identification algorithm was designed to update the dynamic model in real-time, thereby reducing the influence of model errors on the control system performance. Finally, the feasibility and practicality of the proposed leg mechanism, as well as the effectiveness and strong adaptability of the algorithm, were comprehensively verified through both simulation and real-world experiments. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Joints (anatomy)

Controlled terms: Agricultural robots? - ?Dynamics? - ?Gait analysis? - ?Identification (control systems)? - ?Kalman filters? - ?Magnetic disk storage? - ?Wheels

Uncontrolled terms: Adaptive load detection? - ?Adaptive locomotion? - ?Complex terrains? - ?Dynamics models? - ?Load detection? - ?Modelling controls? - ?Touchdown detection? - ?Virtual model control? - ?Virtual models? - ?Wheeled-legged structure

Classification code: 101.4 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?731.6 Robot Applications? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?1103.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics? - ?1301.7 Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.069

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

49. Sprayer Chassis Suspension Control Method Considering Liquid Sloshing in Tank

Accession number: 20253919240606

Title of translation: 考虑药罐液体晃动的喷雾机底盘悬架控制方法

Authors: Chen, Yu (1); Zhang, Shuo (1); Chen, Yuxiang (1); Guo, Peijie (1); Chen, Jun (1); Yan, Xiaoli (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 492-502

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: A semi-active air suspension system composed of air spring and MR damper was designed to solve the problem of poor smoothness and stability of sprayer with high clearance sprayer under complex excitation conditions. On this basis, the mathematical model of air spring, mathematical model of semiactive suspension and seven-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of vehicle, including the slogging factor were established. Combined with the characteristics of the sprayer operating conditions, a hybrid PID control method of ceiling control and floor control was proposed. The Matlab/Simulink simulation control model was established and the simulation research was carried out. The results showed that with the proposed control method, the sprung centroid acceleration was reduced by 30. 1 %, the roll angle speed was reduced by 34. 6%, the pitch angle speed was reduced by 37. 1%, and the tire dynamic load was reduced by 26. 5% . According to the working environment of sprayer transfer and spraying operation and the suspension control mode, the real vehicle tests on the suspension performance of sprayer chassis and the inhibition effect of liquid sloth were carried out. The test results showed that under the action of PID, the sprung center of mass acceleration was decreased by 18. 44%, the roll angle speed was decreased by 23. 88%, the pitch angle speed was decreased by 22. 50%, and the tire dynamic load was decreased by 9.67%. Under the action of PID in the field road, the sprung centroid acceleration was decreased by 26. 97%, the roll angle speed was decreased by 26. 14%, the pitch angle speed was decreased by 25.49%, the boom swing angle speed was decreased by 21.69%, and the tire dynamic load was decreased by 13. 88% . At the same time, by analyzing the range of liquid surface, it was proved that the liquid sloshing could be inhibited obviously at different filling ratios. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 25

Main heading: Three term control systems

Controlled terms: Acceleration? - ?Active suspension systems? - ?Automobile suspensions? - ?Degrees of freedom (mechanics)? - ?Dynamic loads? - ?Fuel sloshing? - ?Magnetic levitation vehicles? - ?MATLAB? - ?Proportional control systems? - ?Rolls (machine components) ? - ?Springs (components)? - ?Suspensions (fluids)

Uncontrolled terms: Air suspension? - ?Airsprings? - ?Control methods? - ?High clearance sprayer? - ?Liquid medicine sloshing? - ?Mixing shed PID control? - ?Pitch angle? - ?Roll angle? - ?Suspension control? - ?Tire dynamics

Classification code: 408 Structural Design? - ?433 Rail Transportation? - ?522 Fuels? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?662.3 Automobile Components and Materials? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?731.2 Control System Applications? - ?804 Chemical Products? - ?1106.5 Computer Applications? - ?1201.5 Computational Mathematics? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 1.40E+01%, Percentage 2.169E+01%, Percentage 2.549E+01%, Percentage 4.40E+01%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 5.00E+01%, Percentage 6.00E+00%, Percentage 8.80E+01%, Percentage 9.67E+00%, Percentage 9.70E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.040

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

50. Design and Testing of Combined Soybean Inter-row Roundup Weeder

Accession number: 20253919240596

Title of translation: 大豆行间驱拨组合式除草机设计与试验

Authors: Ding, Li (1); Yuan, Yechao (1); Li, Yuanyuan (1); Wang, Kaixuan (1); Jiang, Zhiyan (1); Yang, Zishang (1); Li, He (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 344-354

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In view of the problems of easy blockage and easy regeneration of grass and soil under straw mulching conditions in the Huang — Huai — Hai region, a synergistic operation method of driving straw plucking and passive separation of grass and soil was proposed, and an inter-row drive-pulling combined weeder for soybeans with circumferential serrated straw plucking and collaborative separation of grass and soil was designed. The theoretical analysis of the interaction law between the key components such as the circumferential serrated straw-pulling device and the grass — soil separating wheel and the straw and weeds was carried out, and the key influencing factors and their ranges of values were determined; the simulation model of the interaction between the straw-pulling device and the soil-straw interaction was established through the EDEM simulation platform, and the optimal design of the circumferential serrated straw-pulling device was determined by using the straw-pulling rate and the average change in the displacement of the straw as the evaluation indexes; the MBD — DEM coupled simulation test was used to simulate the operation process of the weeder, the optimum structural parameters of the weeder were analyzed by taking the soil disturbance amount and the straw coverage as the evaluation indexes. When the rotary radius was 140 mm, the working inclination was 5 0 °, the working speed was 6. 94 k m / h, the soil disturbance was 87. 0 1 %, and the straw cover rate was 26. 0 7 %; the operational performance of the whole machine was verified through field test, and the test results showed that at 7 k m / h, the average of the weeder rate, seedling wounding rate, and the straw cover rate were 93. 3 1 %, 5. 5 1 %, and 36. 3 8 %, respectively, and the machine realized the guided plucking and casting of the straw, which effectively solved the problems of the no-tillage weeder’s clogging and the low weeder rate. The research result can provide practical technology for soybean mechanical weed control in the Huang — Huai — Hai region. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 22

Main heading: Wheels

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Cultivation? - ?Simulation platform? - ?Soil testing? - ?Soils? - ?Weed control

Uncontrolled terms: Coupled simulation? - ?DEM coupled simulation? - ?Evaluation index? - ?Grass? - ?MBD? - ?Soil disturbances? - ?Soil separating wheel? - ?Straw clearing device? - ?Straw mulching? - ?Weeding machines

Classification code: 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?1201.12 Modeling and Simulation? - ?1502.1.1.4.3 Soil Pollution Control

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 7.00E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Size 1.40E-01m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.026

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

51. Construction of Resistance Model and Analysis of Passability for Shallow Plow Group of High-speed Strip Micro-ridge Combined Direct Seeding Machines for Rapeseed

Accession number: 20253919240587

Title of translation: 油菜高速带状微垄联合直播机浅耕犁组阻力模型构建与通过性能分析

Authors: Du, Wenbin (1); Liao, Qingxi (1, 2); Liao, Yitao (1, 2); Zhang, Qingsong (1, 2); Lin, Jianxin (1); Li, Lin (1); Wang, Peiyu (1)

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 188-198

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In response to issues such as soil blockage between plows, sudden increases in resistance, and poor maneuverability during high-speed operation of the rapeseed strip micro-ridge combined direct seeding machine, poor passability, and other issues, the soil disturbance patterns and resistance sources of the shallow plow group were analyzed, a resistance model was constructed, and a passability coefficient reflecting soil flow state and blockage risk was introduced. Through field trials of single shallow plow units at different operating speeds, the soil dynamic response indicators were analyzed, the resistance model correction coefficients were determined, and a basis for plow group coordination dimensions was provided. Field trials of the plow groups were conducted to analyze the effects of operating speed and installation spacing on the passability coefficient and ridge formation rate. Through central composite experiments, the relationship between the passability coefficient and speed and installation spacing was determined. It was clarified that when the passability coefficient was less than or equal to 0. 55, the ridge formation rate was less than or equal to 5 % . Under the premise of ensuring machine passability, the appropriate installation spacing for the shallow plow group of the rapeseed high-speed strip micro-ridge combined direct seeding machine was 1 000 mm. Field experiments were conducted at 10 km/h and 12 k m / h, and three-dimensional laser scanning technology was used to analyze and process the ridge shape after operation. The results showed that under the guidance of the resistance model and passability coefficient, the machine had good passability, and there were no broken strips on the micro-ridge seedbed after operation. The ridge shape was stable, with average ridge heights of 138. 2 mm and 141. 4 mm, with average ridge widths of 423. 6 mm and 426. 5 mm, respectively. The coefficient of variation for both ridge height and width was no greater than 4. 96%, indicating that the shallow plow group had good passability and ridge-forming performance. The satisfactory seedling emergence results demonstrated that the micro-ridge seedbed met the agronomic requirements for rapeseed cultivation. The research findings can provide references for optimizing machinery power matching and plow group configuration to enhance operational efficiency. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 24

Main heading: Oilseeds

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Cost effectiveness? - ?Cultivation? - ?Dynamic response? - ?Dynamics? - ?Installation? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Soils

Uncontrolled terms: Combined direct seeding machine? - ?Direct-seeding? - ?Field trial? - ?High Speed? - ?Micro-ridge? - ?Operating speed? - ?Passability? - ?Rapeseed? - ?Resistance models? - ?Shallow plow group

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?911.2 Industrial Economics? - ?912.1 Industrial Engineering? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics? - ?1301.7 Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 9.60E+01%, Size 0.00E00m, Size 1.00E+04m, Size 2.00E-03m, Size 4.00E-03m, Size 5.00E-03m, Size 6.00E-03m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.016

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

52. Design and Experiment of Portable Banana De-handing Device Based on Reciprocating Insertion-cutting

Accession number: 20253919240595

Title of translation: 基于往复插切的便携式香蕉落梳装置设计与试验

Authors: Duan, Jieli (1); Liu, Bocheng (1); Huang, Chaowei (1); Huang, Jiatao (1); Mo, Xingkang (1); Ma, Lizhe (1); Yang, Zhou (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang; 524088, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 377-384

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: At present, banana de-handing remains reliant on manual labor, posing challenges such as high labor intensity, low operational efficiency, and elevated safety risks. Building on the reciprocating insertion-cutting principle, a profiling reciprocating cutter and a portable de-handing device was developed, with subsequent optimization of its performance through bench testing. A three-factor, two-level Box — Behnken orthogonal experimental design was employed for response surface methodology (RSM) analysis, followed by field validation of operational efficacy. Bench test findings indicated that cutting tool reciprocating speed exerted the most pronounced influence on de-handing performance, succeeded by device feed speed and blade angle parameters. Optimal operational conditions were identified as 2 316 strokes per minute (SPM) reciprocating speed, 5.76 m/s feed velocity, and 15.6° blade angle, yielding a maximum peak stress of 11. 10 kPa and achieving a 98. 0 1 % de-handing success rate less than 5% relative error compared with RSM predictions. The field trial results demonstrated that compared with manual de-handing, the developed de-handing device reduced cutting force by 91. 09%, while significantly improving crown incision surface quality with an overall surface roughness reduction of 14. 32% . Notably, the friction effect generated by reciprocating cutting effectively sealed the stomata at the crown incision, contributing to extended postharvest preservation period and enhanced market value of bananas. The de-handing device achieved a dual breakthrough; it substantially reduced labor intensity and enhanced operational efficiency, while simultaneously elevating incision quality to unprecedented levels. The research findings can provide theoretical and design foundations for developing simplified, lightweight mechanicalde-handing equipment, holding significant practical value for promoting quality upgrading, efficiency improvement, and high-quality development in the banana industry. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 27

Main heading: Surface roughness

Controlled terms: Cutting? - ?Cutting tools? - ?Efficiency? - ?Friction? - ?Potassium alloys? - ?Surface properties

Uncontrolled terms: Banana de-handing? - ?Blade angle? - ?Device design? - ?Labour intensity? - ?Manual labors? - ?Operational efficiencies? - ?Performance? - ?Portable? - ?Reciprocating cutting? - ?Response-surface methodology

Classification code: 202.9.1 Alkali Metals? - ?208 Coatings, Surfaces, Finishes, Films and Deposition? - ?603.1 Machine Tool Accessories? - ?604.1 Metal Cutting? - ?913.1 Production Engineering? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics? - ?1301.1.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 3.20E+01%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 9.00E+00%, Pressure 1.00E+04Pa, Velocity 5.76E+00m/s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.029

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

53. Grouper Fish Tracking Method Based on Lightweight YOLO v8 and BoT-SORT

Accession number: 20253919240558

Title of translation: 基于轻量化YOLO v8和BoT - SORT的石斑鱼跟踪方法

Authors: Duan, Qingling (1, 2); Qiao, Yaqi (1, 3); Liu, Yiran (1, 2); Feng, Xiaoxiao (1, 3); Ran, Xun (1, 2); Liu, Chunhong (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai; 264670, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 667-676

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In aquaculture, fish tracking is fundamental for monitoring fish behavior, detecting water quality anomalies, and assessing the growth conditions of fish. However, existing methods suffer from issues such as computational time consumption, large model size, and difficulties in deploying on edge devices. To address these challenges, taking grouper fish as the research subject, a tracking method was proposed based on a lightweight YOLO v8 and BoT - SORT. This method consisted of two stages : target detection and target tracking. In the target detection phase, YOLO v8m was used as the baseline network. Firstly, a convolutional module, FasterConv, was introduced to reduce the number of parameters. Then the excitation and modulation attention ( EMA ) mechanism was incorporated to maintain model accuracy. Finally, a multi-scale feature fusion module. Fusion, was employed and the structure of the Neck network was adjusted to enhance the model’s capability for feature integration. For the target tracking part, the BoT - SORT algorithm simplified the motion state variables of the fish body and included camera motion compensation ( CMC ) to deal with drastic changes in fish appearance. Subsequently, the ResNeST50 network was utilized to extract the appearance features of the fish within high-confidence detection bounding boxes, achieving fish tracking. The method was trained and validated on a self-built grouper dataset, achieving a mAP@ 0. 5 of 95. 80% for the object detection model, with a model size of 23. 7 MB-a 54. 42% reduction compared to that of the original YOLO v8m model. When applying the lightweight object detection model to the BoT - SORT algorithm, the MOTA reached 78. 774%, with an FPS of 28. 20 f/s, significantly outperforming SORT, DeepMoT, and other algorithms in comparative experiments. The results demonstrated that this method can achieve detection and tracking of grouper fish, providing technical support for the cultivation of groupers. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 27

Main heading: Object detection

Controlled terms: Fish? - ?Fish detectors? - ?Fisheries? - ?Motion compensation? - ?Motion tracking? - ?Object recognition? - ?Object tracking? - ?Target tracking

Uncontrolled terms: BoT-SORT? - ?Grouper fish? - ?Lightweight? - ?Model size? - ?Object Tracking? - ?Objects detection? - ?Targets detection? - ?Targets tracking? - ?Tracking method? - ?YOLO v8

Classification code: 435.2 Tracking and Positioning? - ?471.2 Oceanographic Research Instruments? - ?471.5 Sea as Source of Minerals and Food? - ?822 Food Technology? - ?822.3 Food Products? - ?1106.3.1 Image Processing? - ?1106.8 Computer Vision

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 4.20E+01%, Percentage 7.74E+02%, Percentage 8.00E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.057

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

54. Multi-strategy Seeker Algorithm Optimized Temperature Dual Indicators for Fully Enclosed Hot Air Circulation Bulk Curing Barn

Accession number: 20253919240556

Title of translation: 基于多策略人群搜索算法的全闭式热风循环密集烤房温度双指标优化

Authors: Duan, Shaomi (1, 2); Luo, Huilong (2); Liu, Haipeng (1); Li, Yaowen (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 740-750

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: The design of a fully enclosed tobacco leaf bulk curing barn with hot air circulation in response to issues related to uneven temperature distribution, high energy consumption, and light aroma of tobacco leaves was proposed. For the fully enclosed hot air circulation bulk curing barn, the temperature standard deviation index and temperature inhomogeneity index were introduced in combination with the characteristics of tobacco leaves roasting temperature regulation in the bulk curing barn. Applying the three black hole system capture strategy, premature interference and random interference strategy, the seeker optimization algorithm ( SOA ) was improved, and a multi-strategy seeker optimization algorithm (MSSOA) was proposed. The multi-strategy seeker optimization algorithm was also applied to optimize the temperature control dual indexes of the fully enclosed hot air circulation bulk curing barn, and the optimal process and structure parameters of the baking room such as the inlet hot air velocity, the tobacco porosity, the angle of the air separation plate, and the spacing of the tobacco layer were found, which improved the uniformity of the temperature distribution of the fully enclosed hot air circulation bulk curing burn. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 28

Main heading: Tobacco

Controlled terms: Air? - ?Curing? - ?Farm buildings? - ?Plates (structural components)? - ?Structural optimization? - ?Temperature control

Uncontrolled terms: Air circulation? - ?Bulk curing barns? - ?Dual indicator temperature control? - ?Fully enclosed hot air circulation bulk curing barn? - ?High energy light? - ?Hot air? - ?Multi-strategy? - ?Seeker algorithms? - ?Seeker optimization algorithm? - ?Tobacco leaf

Classification code: 301 Fluids? - ?408.1 Structural Members and Shapes? - ?731.3 Specific Variables Control? - ?802.2 Chemical Reactions? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?821.7 Farm Buildings and Other Structures? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.064

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

55. Water Evaporation Suppression Rates and Their Relationships with Water-Air Temperature Difference under Various Coverage Modes

Accession number: 20253919240580

Title of translation: 不同覆盖方式下水面抑蒸率及其与水-气温差关系硏究

Authors: Fan, Junliang (1, 2); Deng, Xinwei (1); Wang, Jiayu (1); Bai, Zhentao (1); Nie, Jianyang (1); Li, Yunxia (2); Yin, Feihu (2)

Author affiliation: (1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizer, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi; 832000, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 708-717

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: The plain reservoirs and irrigation ponds in the arid northwest regions of China are characterized by large surface area, shallow water level, and high water evaporation, where ineffective evaporative losses significantly exacerbate the scarcity of agricultural water scarcity. Physical coverage has been proven to be an effective approach to reduce water evaporation. The water evaporation suppression rates and their relationship with the near-surface air/water temperatures under various coverage products (floating balls, hexagonal floating covers, hexagonal floating plates, and rectangular floating plates), coverage rates (approximately 50%, 70%, and 90%), and layout patterns (concentrated and dispersed) were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that coverage rate was the dominant factor in water evaporation suppression, showing a negative correlation with total evaporation but a positive correlation with evaporation per unit exposed area. The evaporation suppression rates varied from 0. 39 percentage points to 6. 65 percentage points across different coverage products and from 1. 37 percentage points to 7. 40 percentage points between layout patterns. At approximately 70% coverage rate, all coverage products achieved 50% evaporation suppression rate, with concentrated hexagonal floating covers, rectangular floating plates, and hexagonal floating plates performing better. The thermal accumulation effect induced by coverage increased daytime water surface temperature. High coverage rates and concentrated layout pattern reduced the water - air temperature gradient through heat redistribution while enhancing inter-layer water temperature differences, thereby weakening evaporation drivers and improving suppression rates. The research result can provide theoretical basis and technical support for developing and applying evaporation-suppressing coverage products in water conservation practices. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 28

Main heading: Atmospheric temperature

Controlled terms: Agriculture? - ?Evaporation? - ?Evaporative cooling systems

Uncontrolled terms: Air temperature? - ?Coverage area? - ?Coverage rate? - ?Surface evaporation? - ?Temperature differences? - ?Water - air temperature difference? - ?Water evaporation? - ?Water surface? - ?Water surface evaporation? - ?Water temperatures

Classification code: 304.3 Air Conditioning? - ?305.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components? - ?443.1 Atmospheric Properties? - ?802.3 Chemical Operations? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 5.00E+01%, Percentage 7.00E+01%, Percentage 9.00E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.061

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

56. Design and Experiment of Conveying and Separating Device of High-speed Arcuate Tine Allium chinense Harvester

Accession number: 20253919240573

Title of translation: 高转速弓形拨齿式藠头收获机输送分离装置设计与试验

Authors: Fang, Zhichao (1, 2); Xia, Haifeng (1); Wu, Bei (4); Dai, Zhenwei (3); Luo, Haifeng (1); Hu, Yun (4)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha; 410128, China; (2) Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Changsha; 410128, China; (3) Hunan Mechanical and Electrical Polytechnic, Changsha; 410151, China; (4) Changsha Yunsheng Electromechanical Technology Co. , Ltd., Changsha; 410007, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 450-460

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the challenges of low soil-crop separation efficiency, high mechanical damage, and difficult collection encountered in the mechanized harvesting of Allium chinense, a conveying device for a low-damage Allium chinense harvester was designed based on the operational principle of “high-speed combing brushing, secondary soil crushing, and variable-gap rolling”. An arcuate tine high-speed conveying mechanism was employed to achieve gentle material handling. The structural parameters of the arcuate tine were optimized through kinematic and dynamic analyses of the conveying process. Discrete element models of Allium chinense bulbs and soil particles were established by using EDEM software, and a three-factor three-level orthogonal experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of arcuate tine rotation speed, roller group elevation angle, and mesh cover inclination angle on soil-crop separation rate and collection rate into the basket. Results indicated that the optimal performance was achieved at an arcuate tine speed of 294. 40 r/min, a roller elevation angle of 31. 65° , and a mesh inclination of 24. 36°, yielding a soil-crop separation rate of 87. 40% and a collection rate into the basket of 90. 23% . A prototype was fabricated and tested under field conditions. Field validation results showed that a damage rate of 6. 34% , soil-crop separation rate of 86. 04% ( There was a difference of 1. 36 percentage points between the actual result and the predicted value from the regression model), the developed system demonstrated a 6.08% enhancement in Allium chinense bulb-soil separation efficiency compared with conventional harvesting machinery. A collection rate into the basket of 88. 64% (There was a difference of 1. 83 percentage points between the actual result and the predicted value from the regression model) , all performance metrics met the design requirements. The research result can provide theoretical and technical insights for the development of efficient and low-damage Allium chinense harvesting equipment. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 29

Main heading: Efficiency

Controlled terms: Conveying? - ?Crops? - ?Harvesters? - ?Harvesting? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Regression analysis? - ?Rollers (machine components)? - ?Soils

Uncontrolled terms: Allium chinense harvester? - ?Arcuatetine? - ?Collection rates? - ?Conveying and separating device? - ?Elevation angle? - ?High Speed? - ?Low damages? - ?Separation efficiency? - ?Separation rate? - ?Soil-crop separation

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?692.1 Conveyors? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?913.1 Production Engineering? - ?1201.8 Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics

Numerical data indexing: Angular velocity 6.68E-01rad/s, Percentage 2.30E+01%, Percentage 3.40E+01%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+01%, Percentage 6.08E+00%, Percentage 6.40E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.036

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

57. Inversion of Leaf Water Content for Mulched Winter Wheat Based on Multi-spectral Remote Sensing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Accession number: 20253919240566

Title of translation: 基于无人机多光谱遥感的覆膜冬小麦叶片含水率反演

Authors: Gu, Xiaobo (1); Xu, Yang (1); Cheng, Zhikai (1); Zhou, Zhihui (1); Wei, Chunyu (1); Du, Yadan (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 547-556 and 565

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Efficient and accurate acquisition of water content of winter wheat leaves is of great significance in guiding farmland irrigation. Taking 2022-2023 mulched winter wheat as the research object, and a multi-spectral camera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to collect the spectral information of winter wheat during the greening, nodulation, tasseling, and filling periods, and the background elimination was carried out, and then the extreme learning machines (ELM), random forest (RE), and particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (PSO SWT) were used to establish a model of leaf water content in winter wheat. Comparative analysis of the accuracy of leaf water content inversion was done by using “vegetation index + texture characteristics” and “vegetation index” as input variables, and re-modeled by filtering the characteristic variables for each fertility period through an iterative subset variable optimization method. The results showed that “ texture features + vegetation index” as input variables improved the inversion accuracy of winter wheat leaf water content, and the R2 of the extreme learning machine, random forest, and particle swarm optimization vector machine was increased by 19. 19%, 16. 85%, and 19. 40% on average, respectively. Among them, the accuracy of the inversion of leaf water content in mulched winter wheat by using the random forest model was the highest in the regrowth-irrigation period (R2, MAE, and RMSE were 0. 94, 0. 02 g/g, and 0. 03 g/g for the training set, and 0.88, 0.03 g/g, and 0.05 g/g for the test set, respectively); and R2 for the random forest model was the highest in the nodule pulling, tasseling, and irrigating periods after iterative subset of the variable optimization methods, and grouting stages improved the R2 by 19. 09%, 20. 58% and 12. 21%, respectively. The results can provide theoretical references for UAV multi-spectral remote sensing to monitor the water content of leaf blades of mulched winter wheat. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 33

Main heading: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Antennas? - ?Crops? - ?Irrigation? - ?Iterative methods? - ?Knowledge acquisition? - ?Learning systems? - ?Random forests? - ?Remote sensing? - ?Support vector machines ? - ?Textures? - ?Training aircraft? - ?Vegetation? - ?Water content

Uncontrolled terms: Aerial vehicle? - ?Inversion? - ?Leaf water content? - ?Machine-learning? - ?Mulched winter wheat? - ?Multi-spectral? - ?Texture features? - ?Unmanned aerial vehicle multi-spectral? - ?Vegetation index? - ?Winter wheat

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?214 Materials Science? - ?652.1 Aircraft? - ?716.5.1 Antennas? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?941.6 Moisture Measurements? - ?1101 Artificial Intelligence? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1201.9 Numerical Methods

Numerical data indexing: Mass 2.00E-03kg, Mass 3.00E-03kg, Mass 3.00E-05kg, Mass 5.00E-05kg, Percentage 1.90E+01%, Percentage 2.10E+01%, Percentage 4.00E+01%, Percentage 5.80E+01%, Percentage 8.50E+01%, Percentage 9.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.045

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

58. Design and Test of Greenhouse Dual-motor Distributed Drive Crawler Tractor

Accession number: 20253919240588

Title of translation: 温室双电机分布式驱动履带拖拉机设计与试验

Authors: Guo, Huiping (1, 2); Wang, Tingwei (1, 2); Xie, Guangjie (1, 2); Wang, Zihao (1, 2); Chen, Hongbo (1, 2); Wang, Changlin (3); Yang, Fuzeng (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Northern Agricultural Equipment Scientific Observation and Experimental Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shaanxi, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Inspur Group Co., Ltd., Jinan; 250014, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 780-788

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: The existing compact electric-powered agricultural machinery suffers from insufficient traction performance and weak steering capability, which limits its adaptability to confined greenhouse spaces. Aiming to address these issues, a greenhouse dual-motor distributed drive crawler tractor was designed. The theoretical centroid position of the electric tracked tractor was determined by using the centroid position allocation method. Component placement was optimized to bring the actual centroid position as close as possible to the theoretical position, thereby achieving the optimal centroid placement scheme. Core component matching for the electric drive system was performed by targeting plowing and transport operations. The electronic control system for the electric tracked tractor was subsequently designed. Basic performance tests and plowing operation tests were conducted on the prototyped electric tracked tractor. The results demonstrated the follows; during straight-line travel, the average deviation over 100 m was 1.259 m; the minimum turning radius with single-side braking was 1 096 mm, the minimum passing radius with single-side braking was 1 232 mm, and the minimum turning radius for on-the-spot steering was 729 mm, indicating excellent straight-line travel and steering performance. The tractor’s tractive power at travel speeds of 1 km/h, 3 km/h, 5 km/h, and 7 km/h, the tractor’s drawbar power reached 1 367. 1 W, 4 201. 1 W, 6 922. 8 W, and 9 173. 3 W, respectively. The minimum average tractive force measured in the test was 5 320. 4 N, which significantly exceeded the tractive force of comparable diesel-powered tractors and dual-motor distributed drive wheeled tractors, thereby meeting the operational requirements of greenhouse cultivation. In plowing tests, the average plowing depth was 17. 18 cm, the average plowing width was 40.55 cm, and the endurance time was 3.35 h, indicating good power and endurance performance of the electric crawler tractor. The dual-motor distributed drive crawler tractor satisfied the agricultural requirements of various greenhouse operations and provided a basis for the development of new energy-powered agricultural machinery for greenhouse applications. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 25

Main heading: Braking performance

Controlled terms: Automobile testing? - ?Braking? - ?Cultivation? - ?Electric drives? - ?Electric power system control? - ?Electric traction? - ?Greenhouses? - ?Tractors (agricultural)? - ?Tractors (truck)

Uncontrolled terms: Design and tests? - ?Dual-motor distributed drive? - ?Dual-motors? - ?Electric crawler tractor? - ?Greenhouse agriculture? - ?Greenhouse spaces? - ?Power? - ?Traction performance? - ?Tractive force? - ?Turning radius

Classification code: 433 Rail Transportation? - ?601.3 Mechanisms? - ?602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions? - ?602.1 Mechanical Drives? - ?662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles? - ?663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles? - ?664 Automotive Engineering, Other Topics? - ?705.1 Electric Machinery? - ?706.1 Electric Power Systems? - ?731.2 Control System Applications? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.7 Farm Buildings and Other Structures

Numerical data indexing: Force 4.00E+00N, Power 1.00E00W, Power 3.00E+00W, Power 8.00E+00W, Size 1.00E+02m, Size 1.00E+03m, Size 1.259E+00m, Size 1.80E-01m, Size 2.32E-01m, Size 3.00E+03m, Size 4.055E-01m, Size 5.00E+03m, Size 7.00E+03m, Size 7.29E-01m, Size 9.60E-02m, Time 1.206E+04s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.068

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

59. Design and Testing of Visualization System for Fertilizer Application in Corn Seeders Based on Real-time Fertilizer Quantity Acquisition

Accession number: 20253919240568

Title of translation: 基于实时肥量获取的玉米播种机施肥可视化系统设计与试验

Authors: He, Xiantao (1, 2); Wang, Xinpeng (1); Wen, Ceang (1); Yang, Li (1, 2); Mi, Guohua (3); Zhang, Dongxing (1, 2); Gui, Tao (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil — Machine — Plant System Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 52-61 and 152

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the urgent need for real-time monitoring and visualization of fertilizer application rates during corn precision seeding, a fertilizer visualization system based on real-time fertilizer application rate acquisition was designed. The system utilized thin-film laser-based fertilizer sensors to continuously monitor fertilizer application rates in real time. The fertilizer application rate signals were filtered and denoised by using a truncation averaging algorithm. Combined with a fertilizer application unit localization model and a lag compensation algorithm, the system determined the precise fertilizer application positions for each row. Based on the ArcGIS platform, the system achieved spatial matching of fertilizer application positions and fertilizer quantities, real-time drawing and visualization of fertilizer application layers, as well as efficient storage and traceability of fertilizer application data. Experimental results showed that the system can real-time and accurately visualize fertilizer application rates and their deviations from target rates. Under different fertilizer application rates (75 -300 kg/hm), the system’s average fertilizer application rate detection accuracy ranged from 9 3 . 4 6 % to 95. 9 1 %, with an average fertilizer application accuracy deviation range of 3. 6 0 % to 5. 6 4 % . Under different forward speeds (6 - 1 5 k m / h), the system’ s average fertilizer application accuracy ranged from 8 7 . 5 3 % to 93. 7 7 %, with an average deviation in fertilizer application accuracy ranged from 5. 2 9 % to 10. 9 0 % . As fertilizer application rates and forward speeds were increased, the fertilizer application accuracy was improved, and deviations in fertilizer application accuracy were decreased, indicating that the system maintained stable performance under high-density planting and high-speed corn cultivation conditions. Field trial results showed that the fertilizer distribution maps generated by the system closely matched the target fertilizer application rates in each experimental area, accurately reflecting actual fertilizer application conditions and enabling effective traceability of historical data. The research result can provide a feasible technical solution for real-time monitoring and precise management of fertilizer application during corn sowing. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 32

Main heading: Digital storage

Controlled terms: Cultivation? - ?Data accuracy? - ?Data visualization? - ?Fertilizers? - ?Information management? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Precision agriculture? - ?Seed? - ?Visualization

Uncontrolled terms: Application monitoring? - ?Application rates? - ?Corn seeder? - ?Fertilisation? - ?Fertilization visualization? - ?Fertilizer application monitoring? - ?Fertilizer applications? - ?Fertilizer data management? - ?Precision Agriculture? - ?Real- time

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?821.3 Agricultural Chemicals? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?902.1 Engineering Graphics? - ?903 Information Science? - ?1103.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques? - ?1106.2 Data Handling and Data Processing? - ?1201.12 Modeling and Simulation? - ?1502.1.1.3 Soil Pollution

Numerical data indexing: Mass 7.50E+01kg to 3.00E+02kg, Percentage 0.00E00%, Percentage 0.00E00% to 5.00E+00%, Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 3.00E+00% to 9.30E+01%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 6.00E+00% to 9.50E+01%, Percentage 7.00E+00%, Percentage 9.00E+00% to 1.00E+01%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.004

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

60. Design and Experiment of Seed Box Residue Monitoring System for Pneumatic Conveying Rice - Wheat Seeder

Accession number: 20253919252818

Title of translation: 稻麦兼用气送式播种机种箱余量监测系统设计与试验

Authors: Huang, Zishun (1, 2); Huang, Darning (1, 2); Zou, Guo (1, 2); Yao, Yizheng (1, 2); Li, Jiaqi (1, 2); Zang, Ying (3, 4)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Beijing; 100083, China; (4) Huangpu Innovation Research Institute, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510715, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 153-163

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the issue of inaccurate monitoring of seed box level and sowing amount in pneumatic seeders suitable for both rice and wheat, which can lead to ineffective sowing due to idling operation, a laser scanning distance-based seed box level monitoring system was designed based on an YF-axis moving platform to monitor the remaining seed quantity in real time. By analyzing the structure of the seed box and using three-dimensional data collected by laser distance sensors based on slicing, approximation, and integration methods, trapezoidal and Simpson’s algorithms were proposed to calculate the volume of seeds in the seed box. Bench tests were conducted to compare the accuracy of the trapezoidal and Simpson’s algorithms at different volumes. Results showed that when the remaining seed volume was greater than 142 L, Simpson’ s algorithm had a smaller absolute error than the trapezoidal algorithm. When the remaining seed volume was less than 142 L, the trapezoidal algorithm performed better. Therefore, a comprehensive algorithm was proposed to reduce monitoring errors, and the number of sliced layers (m) was determined as 5. Using the comprehensive algorithm with m =5, the monitoring system achieved an absolute error of less than 4 L, and completed one monitoring cycle within 1. 5 s. Field sowing experiments indicated that the maximum monitoring error of the sowing amount was 1. 03 kg, with maximum relative error of 8. 26%. The results can provide guidance for improving the sowing performance of pneumatic conveying rice — wheat seeder. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 27

Main heading: Pneumatics

Controlled terms: Approximation algorithms? - ?Conveying? - ?Errors? - ?Pneumatic conveyors? - ?Seed

Uncontrolled terms: Absolute error? - ?Distance-based? - ?Laser distance measurement? - ?Laser scanning? - ?Monitoring system? - ?Pneumatic conveying? - ?Rice — wheat dual-purpose? - ?Seed box residue detection? - ?Seeder? - ?Simpson

Classification code: 692.1 Conveyors? - ?731.1.1 Error Handling? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1106.1 Computer Programming? - ?1401.3 Pneumatics, Equipment and Machinery

Numerical data indexing: Mass 3.00E+00kg, Percentage 2.60E+01%, Time 5.00E+00s, Volume 1.42E-01m3, Volume 4.00E-03m3

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.013

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

61. Process-based Optimization of Multi-scale Irrigation Water Allocation Considering Climate Changes

Accession number: 20253919240584

Title of translation: 气候变化条件下基于过程的灌区多尺度灌溉用水优化

Authors: Jiang, Yao (1, 2); Yan, Zewen (1); Xiong, Lüyang (1); Jia, Zhuo (1); Li, Lianghui (1)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Infrastructure Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang; 330031, China; (2) Innovation Center of Poyang Lake Ecological Water Conservancy Technology, Jiangxi Academy of Water Science and Engineering, Nanchang; 330031, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 718-728

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: The optimal allocation of water resources in irrigation districts usually did not adequately describe the real response of the physical processes of the irrigation system, and also did not consider the temporal and spatial changes of the elements and processes. Therefore, aimed at developing a process- based optimization model for irrigation water allocation. The model was constructed by coupling an agro- hydrological model ( SWAP - EPIC ) with a regional multi-level optimization model, which can describe the agro-hydrological processes as well as its spatial-temporal differences within an irrigation district. The Yingke Irrigation District ( YID) in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin was taken as a case study area. The climate data in 20 years (2003-2022) was used as the input of the coupling model to quantify the uncertainty caused by climate changes. Meanwhile, three irrigation water supply levels were also considered in the optimization model. The optimal allocation of irrigation water at different scales ( irrigation district scale, canal scale and field scale ) and its response to climate changes under three irrigation water supply levels were discussed. The results showed that the optimal irrigation - yield/benefit relationships at different scales existed significant spatial-temporal differences due to the influences of agro-hydrological environment changes like different climate conditions and soil - crop fields distributions. The optimal allocation of irrigation water at different scales were significantly affected by climate changes. Under the same irrigation water supply level but different climate conditions, the yield and irrigation benefit were increased with the climate condition from unfavorable year to favorable year. The research result can provide an invitational method and scientific reference for the irrigation water allocation optimization in the irrigated areas. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 27

Main heading: Climate change

Controlled terms: Agribusiness? - ?Climate models? - ?Couplings? - ?Crops? - ?Hydrology? - ?Irrigation? - ?Irrigation canals? - ?Optimization? - ?Water management

Uncontrolled terms: Agro-hydrological model? - ?Climate condition? - ?Hydrological models? - ?Irrigation districts? - ?Irrigation water allocation? - ?Irrigation water supply? - ?Irrigation water use? - ?Optimization models? - ?Simulation optimization? - ?Supply levels

Classification code: 444 Water Resources? - ?446.1 Water Supply Systems? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?602.1 Mechanical Drives? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques? - ?1502.1.2 Climate Change? - ?1502.3 Hydrology

Numerical data indexing: Age 2.00E+01yr

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.062

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

62. Seeding Depth Control System of Maize Planter Based on Combined Control of Downforce and Firming Pressure

Accession number: 20253919240557

Title of translation: 基于下压力与镇压力联合控制的玉米播种机播深控制系统研究

Authors: Jiang, Yeyuan (1, 2); Cui, Tao (1, 2); Zhang, Dongxing (1, 2); Yang, Li (1, 2); Dong, Jiaqi (1, 2); Zhang, Chuankuo (1, 2)

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 83-93

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Seeding depth is a key factor in ensuring uniform emergence and improving maize yield. To enhance the dynamic stability and consistency of depth control during maize sowing, an active control system for downforce and firming pressure based on electro-hydraulic proportional regulation was developed. A mechanical force model of the seeding unit was established, and a closed-loop pressure regulation strategy based on a PID algorithm was proposed to achieve rapid response to complex field undulations. The system utilized proportional valves to precisely regulate pressure, and high-precision sensors were employed to collect real-time operation data of the planter. The controller dynamically adjusted the output force of hydraulic cylinders to achieve stable seeding depth control. Field comparison tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed active control strategy against the traditional passive spring regulation at different sowing speeds (6 k m / h, 8 k m / h, and 10 k m / h) . Results showed that under active control, the coefficient of variation of seeding depth was reduced by 6. 2 5 %, and the root mean square (R M S) and average peak-to-peak amplitude of vibration were reduced by 4 6 . 3 % and 3 9 . 6 %, respectively, indicating a significant improvement in seeding depth control performance. Frequency domain analysis revealed that vibration energy was mainly concentrated in the range of 0 ~ 10 Hz, and the proposed control strategy effectively suppressed the response of fundamental and harmonic excitations. The research result can provide theoretical support for the dynamic regulation of key parameters in maize sowing operations. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 29

Main heading: Frequency domain analysis

Controlled terms: Grain (agricultural product)? - ?Hydraulic machinery? - ?Proportional control systems? - ?Seed

Uncontrolled terms: Active control? - ?Control strategies? - ?Depth control? - ?Depth control system? - ?Downforce? - ?Electrohydraulic controls? - ?Firming pressure? - ?Maize planter? - ?Seed depth control? - ?Seeding depth

Classification code: 731.1 Control Systems? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1201.4 Applied Mathematics? - ?1201.6 Control Theory? - ?1401.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery

Numerical data indexing: Frequency 0.00E00Hz to 1.00E+01Hz, Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 6.00E+00%

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.007

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

63. Position-velocity Coupling Control Method and Experiments for Harvesting and Unloading Cooperative Operation

Accession number: 20253919240554

Title of translation: 收获卸粮协同作业位速耦合控制方法

Authors: Jin, Chengqian (1); Chen, Junlong (1); Liu, Zheng (1); Yang, Tengxiang (1); Liu, Gangwei (1); Yu, Haiming (2)

Author affiliation: (1) Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 427-439

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: In the field harvesting operation, although the combine harvester operation effectively improved the mechanical utilization rate and operational efficiency, due to the limited capacity of the harvester silo, it is necessary to carry out cooperative harvesting and unloading operation with the transporter to unload and transport the grain. In order to accurately control the transverse and longitudinal relative position of the harvester and the transporter, so that the grain in the harvester is accurately unloaded into the silo of the transporter, a cooperative operation position-velocity coupling control method for harvesting and unloading grain was proposed. The principle of transverse and longitudinal relative bit speed cooperative was analyzed, a geometric model of cooperative operation was established, a longitudinal control method with dual PID control and a lateral control method with model predictive control were proposed, and a joint simulation of Matlab/Simulink and CarSim was established, and an unloading test in the field for the parameter optimization and validation experiments was carried out. The simulation results showed that, when the harvesting harvester speeds were 0.6 m/s, 0.8 m/s, and 1.0 m/s, the average longitudinal uptime was 14. 04 s, the average lateral uptime was 9. 581 s, the average longitudinal maximum overshoot was 0. 003 1 m, the lateral maximum overshoot was zero, the average longitudinal error was 0. 004 2 m with a standard deviation of 0. 006 99 m, the average lateral error was 0. 018 7 m with a standard deviation of 0.010 5 m. The results of field experiments showed that, when the harvesting harvester speeds were 0. 4 m/s, 0. 6 m/s, and 0. 8 m/s, the average longitudinal error was 0. 300 m with a standard deviation of 0. 345 m, the average velocity deviation was 0. 087 8 m/s with a standard deviation of 0. 109 m/s, the average lateral error was 0.270 m with a standard deviation of 0.288 m, and the average heading deviation was 11. 669° with a standard deviation of 12. 642°. The results showed that the position-velocity coupling control method based on dual PID control and model predictive control proposed had good convergence performance and control accuracy, which can meet the demand for transverse and longitudinal deviation accuracy in cooperative operation of harvesting and unloading. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 25

Main heading: Model predictive control

Controlled terms: Combines? - ?Errors? - ?Grain (agricultural product)? - ?Harvesters? - ?Harvesting? - ?Longitudinal control? - ?MATLAB? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Predictive control systems? - ?Three term control systems ? - ?Unloading

Uncontrolled terms: Control experiments? - ?Control methods? - ?Cooperative operation? - ?Coupling controls? - ?Harvesting and unloading? - ?Lateral and longitudinal control? - ?Maximum overshoot? - ?Model-predictive control? - ?Position-velocity coupling? - ?Standard deviation

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?691.2 Materials Handling Methods? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?731.1.1 Error Handling? - ?731.3 Specific Variables Control? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1106.5 Computer Applications? - ?1201.5 Computational Mathematics? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques

Numerical data indexing: Size 1.00E00m, Size 2.00E+00m, Size 2.70E-01m, Size 2.88E-01m, Size 3.00E+02m, Size 3.45E+02m, Size 5.00E+00m, Size 7.00E+00m, Size 9.90E+01m, Time 4.00E+00s, Time 5.81E+02s, Velocity 1.00E00m/s, Velocity 1.09E+02m/s, Velocity 4.00E+00m/s, Velocity 6.00E+00m/s, Velocity 6.00E-01m/s, Velocity 8.00E+00m/s, Velocity 8.00E-01m/s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.034

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

64. Dispatched Flow Prediction of Channel Discharge Scheduling in Irrigation Districts Based on Historical Scenario Searching

Accession number: 20253919240570

Title of translation: 基于历史场景搜索的灌区渠道泄水调度流量预测

Authors: Lei, Guoxiang (1, 2); Chen, Haorui (1, 3); Ge, Jiankun (2); Zhang, Baozhong (1, 3); Dai, Wei (1, 3); Chen, Laibao (4); Bai, Meijian (1, 3)

Author affiliation: (1) National Key Laboratory of Basin Water Cycle and Water Security, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100048, China; (2) College of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Hydropower, Zhengzhou; 450046, China; (3) National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Water Saving Irrigation in Beijing, Beijing; 100048, China; (4) Anhui Province Pishihang Irrigation District Administration Bureau, Lu’an; 237005, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 697-707 and 717

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Channel discharge scheduling is an important measure to ensure the safe operation of irrigation districts. Taking Guankouji drainage gate in irrigation area of Pishihang as example, the spillway dispatch flow rate was used as the target variable, and the historical and future rainfall at different time periods, the real-time water level on the spillway gate and its change amount were used as the characterization factors. The Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method was used to analyze the importance of the feature factors, select the combination of clustering factors, and use SOM-K-means, a clustering algorithm coupled with self-organizing map (SOM) neural network and K-means, to classify the existing scheduling data. Classification was done to find historically similar scheduling scenarios. The results showed that the SHAP method determined the clustering factors for the SOM - K-means algorithm as the past 6 h of rainfall, the past 9 h of rainfall, the next 6 h of rainfall, and the water level on the gates of the irrigation catchment sluice. The five clustering labels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) of SOM - K-means clustering can be categorized as flood peak period, no scheduling period, onset period, fading period, and decay period, respectively. The root mean square error of the five labels was below 0. 3, the average absolute error was below 0. 2, the mean square error was below 0. 1, and the coefficients of determination were above 0. 75, and it was feasible to search for historical similar scheduling scenarios by using the SOM - K-means clustering algorithm was feasible for searching historically similar scheduling scenarios. The results of the study had important reference value for flood control and scheduling decisions in irrigation areas. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 36

Main heading: Self organizing maps

Controlled terms: Additives? - ?Catchments? - ?Cluster analysis? - ?Conformal mapping? - ?Errors? - ?Flood control? - ?Floods? - ?Irrigation? - ?K-means clustering? - ?Learning systems ? - ?Mean square error? - ?Rain? - ?Scheduling algorithms? - ?Spillway gates

Uncontrolled terms: Clusterings? - ?Dispatched flow? - ?Historical scenario? - ?Irrigation area? - ?K-means? - ?Machine-learning? - ?Self-organizing map - K-mean? - ?Self-organizing-maps? - ?Shapley? - ?Shapley additive explanation

Classification code: 407.1.1 Hydrotechnical Engineering Structures? - ?441 Dams and Reservoirs? - ?442 Flood Control; Land Reclamation? - ?443.3 Precipitation? - ?444 Water Resources? - ?716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing? - ?731.1.1 Error Handling? - ?803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?903.1 Information Sources and Analysis? - ?914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention? - ?1101.2 Machine Learning? - ?1101.2.1 Deep Learning? - ?1201 Mathematics? - ?1201.2 Calculus and Analysis? - ?1201.14 Geometry and Topology? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics

Numerical data indexing: Time 2.16E+04s, Time 3.24E+04s

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.060

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

65. Integrated Development of Pneumatic Precision Seeder Drill Electronic Control System and Distributed Electric Drive Pressure Regulation Control Strategy

Accession number: 20253919240601

Title of translation: 气力式精量播种机电控系统集成设计与分布式电驱调压控制策略

Authors: Li, Baogang (1); Wang, Xiang (1); Li, Yuhuan (1); Yang, Fazhan (1); Liu, Peng (1); Liu, Zunmin (1)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao; 266520, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 417-426 and 472

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: With the increasing demand for high-speed, high-density, and precise sowing, pneumatic seeders have been widely used. Currently, pneumatic seeders mostly use centralized fan drives, but it is difficult to adjust the wind pressure accurately and differentially, and the cost is relatively high. At the same time, the seed distribution control, wind pressure adjustment, and monitoring systems are usually developed independently, lacking information sharing, which makes it difficult to achieve coordinated control, resulting in a higher overall cost. Therefore, an integrated electronic control system for pneumatic precision seeders was developed and research on electronically driven precise pressure control was conducted. The electronic control system integrated electronic pressure regulation, electronic seed distribution, seeding monitoring, and display systems, enabling information exchange between systems and precise differential adjustment of wind pressure for each seeding unit. It met the requirements for adaptive pressure adjustment under varying working conditions, as well as features such as row-stop and skip-row seeding. This helped reduce costs and energy consumption. A control strategy for electronically driven pressure regulation of each seeding unit was developed based on the PID control algorithm, and experimental tests were conducted. For the self-developed pneumatic maize seed distributor, a test bench for electronically driven pressure regulation control was carried out. Through tuning the PID parameters, the optimal values for Kp, Ki and Kd were determined to be 0. 25, 4. 57, and 0. 03, respectively. At operating speed of 6 km/h, the optimal wind pressures for maize and soybean were 2. 8 kPa and 5. 1 kPa, respectively. Finally, functional verification was conducted by using an outdoor seed distribution test vehicle. The test results showed that the system successfully achieved control monitoring and information exchange functions, with precise wind pressure regulation capabilities. This effectively ensured the sowing qualification rate and plant spacing consistency. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 20

Main heading: Three term control systems

Controlled terms: Costs? - ?Information dissemination? - ?Pneumatics? - ?Seed? - ?Wind effects

Uncontrolled terms: Control strategies? - ?Differential adjustment? - ?Electronic control systems? - ?Electronically driven pressure regulation? - ?Integrated electronic control system? - ?Integrated electronics? - ?Monitoring system? - ?Pneumatic seeder? - ?Regulation control? - ?Wind pressures

Classification code: 443.1 Atmospheric Properties? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?903.2 Information Dissemination? - ?911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics? - ?1401.3 Pneumatics, Equipment and Machinery

Numerical data indexing: Pressure 1.00E+03Pa, Pressure 8.00E+03Pa, Size 6.00E+03m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.033

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

66. Effects of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Services in Plateau Urban Agglomeration under Multi-scenario Perspective

Accession number: 20253919240617

Title of translation: 多情景视角下高原城市群土地利用变化与生态系统服务影响机制研究

Authors: Li, Kun (1); Chen, Guoping (1); Zhao, Junsan (1); Yang, Haibo (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650093, China; (2) Oxbridge College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650106, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 503-516

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Land use change plays a pivotal role in driving ecosystem services (E S), and a systematic understanding of the underlying impact mechanisms is of great significance in promoting sustainable development in harmony with both people and the land. The central Yunnan urban agglomeration (CYUA) was selected as an example. Firstly, the convolutional neural network (CNN)—long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) — cellular automaton (CA) (CNN — LSTM — CA) model and multiobjective linear programming (MOP) model were employed to simulate the spatial patterns of land use change in the urban agglomeration under multiple scenarios in 2035. Five ES functions were assessed under these scenarios through integration with the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model. Building upon this assessment, the ecosystem services contribution index (ESCI) and coupling coordination degree (CCD) model were constructed to quantify the impacts of land use change on ES. Furthermore, the self-organized feature mapping (SOFM) network was applied to identify ES bundles under varying scenarios. The results were summarized as follows. The CNN — LSTM — CA model can effectively extract the spatio-temporal neighbourhood features, with an overall simulation accuracy of 0. 924 2, which surpassed other models in simulation accuracy and realism of land use distribution pattern. Under the ecological protection scenario (EPs), all ES exhibited an upward trend, with the exception of a decline in water yield and carbon storage services. In the economic development scenario (EDs), significant decreases were observed in carbon storage, soil retention, habitat quality, and water purification services. The natural development scenario (NDs) demonstrated an overall decline in ecological environment quality. Land use change significantly affected ES, particularly through the rapid expansion of built-up land and the reduction of forest land and grass land had resulting in a notable negative impact. The CCD between land use change and ES in the study area was generally favorable. These results contributed to a comprehensive understanding of the impact mechanisms of land use change on the spatio-temporal changes of ES in the region, offering effective support for territorial spatial planning and decision-making of urban agglomerations. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 40

Main heading: Linear programming

Controlled terms: Agglomeration? - ?Carbon? - ?Convolutional neural networks? - ?Decision support systems? - ?Economic and social effects? - ?Ecosystems? - ?Environmental protection? - ?Land use? - ?Sustainable development

Uncontrolled terms: Cellular automatons? - ?Contribution level? - ?Convolutional neural network? - ?Ecosystem services? - ?Landuse change? - ?Long short-term memory neural network? - ?Multi-objective linear programming? - ?Neural-networks? - ?Plateau urban agglomeration? - ?Short term memory ? - ?Urban agglomerations

Classification code: 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development? - ?802.3 Chemical Operations? - ?804 Chemical Products? - ?912.2 Management? - ?971 Social Sciences? - ?1101.2.1 Deep Learning? - ?1106 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications? - ?1201.7 Optimization Techniques? - ?1501.1 Sustainable Development? - ?1502.1 Environmental Impact and Protection? - ?1502.2 Ecology and Ecosystems

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.041

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

67. Design and Test of Articulated Steering Profiling Extended Range Wheeled Power Chassis for Hilly Orchards

Accession number: 20253919240589

Title of translation: 丘陵果园铰接转向仿形增程轮式动力底盘设计与试验

Authors: Li, Shanjun (1); Peng, Jibo (1); Niu, Chengqiang (1); Gao, Xidong (1); Qian, Zhenyu (1); Li, Mingzhen (1, 2)

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 363-376

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming at the problems of poor passability, stability and insufficient endurance of the agricultural power chassis in hilly orchards, combined with the agronomic operation requirements of orchard ditching, spraying, weeding and pruning, a hinged steering profiling extended range wheeled power chassis was designed. Firstly, according to the characteristics of the operating environment of small plots and narrow row spacing in the orchard, the overall size and structure of the power chassis were determined. Then the key components such as the articulated steering profiling parts, energy and power systems, hydraulic systems, walking systems, and remote control systems were designed and matched accordingly. Finally, the theoretical performance analysis and dynamic simulation analysis of the whole machine were carried out, and the field test of the prototype was carried out, the results showed that the straight-line driving offset rate of the power chassis was 1. 76%, the minimum turning radius was 2 050. 5 mm, the chassis had a good adaptation effect on the rugged road surface during work, and with a slope of 24° could drive normally up and down and laterally, without tipping or sliding, and the obstacle crossing process was stable, which met the requirements of unstructured road walking in hilly orchards. The battery life of the starter generator was extended by 40% when there was no load, and by 29% when the load was 150 kg. When the chain trencher was mounted for trenching operation, the stability coefficient of trench depth was 89. 2%, and the stability coefficient of trench width was 93. 3%, which met the requirements of industry standard (equal to or greater than 80%) . The results showed that the designed articulated steering profiling extended range wheeled power chassis had good passability, stability and significantly improved endurance, which can meet the needs of agronomic operations in hilly orchards. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 26

Main heading: Orchards

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery? - ?Agronomy? - ?Automobile steering equipment? - ?Chassis? - ?Hydraulic equipment? - ?Hydraulic machinery? - ?Remote control? - ?Roads and streets? - ?Slope stability? - ?Starters ? - ?Trenching

Uncontrolled terms: Articulated steering? - ?Design and tests? - ?Extended range? - ?Hilly orchard? - ?Passability? - ?Power? - ?Power chassi? - ?Profiling? - ?Range extensions? - ?Stability coefficient

Classification code: 406.2 Roads and Streets? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?610.1 Pipe, Piping, and Pipelines? - ?662.3 Automobile Components and Materials? - ?731.1 Control Systems? - ?821.2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?1401.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery

Numerical data indexing: Mass 1.50E+02kg, Percentage 2.00E+00%, Percentage 2.90E+01%, Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+01%, Percentage 7.60E+01%, Percentage 8.00E+01%, Size 5.00E-03m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.028

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

68. Design and Experiment of High-speed Impeller Centrifugal Centralized Metering Device for Rice, Wheat and Rapeseed

Accession number: 20253919240560

Title of translation: 稻麦油兼用高速叶轮离心式集排器设计与试验

Authors: Li, Xiaoran (1, 2); Huo, Jiaqi (1, 2); Liao, Qingxi (1, 2); Shui, Limin (1, 2); Wang, Peiyu (2); Wang, Mingze (1, 2); Liao, Yitao (1, 2)

Corresponding author: Liao, Qingxi(liaoqx@mail.hzau.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 42-51 and 211

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming to address the problems of seed damage during high-speed metering of rice, wheat, and rapeseed, as well as the limited versatility of traditional centrifugal centralized metering device, a high-speed impeller centrifugal centralized metering device for rice, wheat and rapeseed was designed to solve the problem. Based on the lateral seed supply solution, the impeller seed supply mechanism for rice, wheat, and rapeseed was intended, and the mechanical analysis of the critical state of seed damage was carried out to illustrate the working principle of the high-speed seed supply. According to the physical characteristics of seeds and sowing quantity requirements, the structural parameters of the seed supply impeller were designed, and the main factors affecting the performance of high-speed seed supply were analyzed and determined. Through the EDEM simulation test, the influence rules of seeding rotation speed and impeller structure parameters on seeding performance were investigated, and the regression model of seed feeding rate was constructed. The simulation results showed that the seed supply performance was better for rice seeds in the range of 60 ~ 80 r/min seed supply rotation speed and 10 ~ 20 mm impeller groove height, for wheat seeds in the range of 60 ~ 80 r/min seed supply rotation speed and 1 5 - 2 5 mm impeller groove height, and for rapeseed seeds in the range of 40 ~ 55 r/min seed supply rotation speed and 7—11 mm impeller groove arc length. The results of the bench validation test showed that the relative error rate between the actual seed supply rate and the model predicted value was no more than 4. 8 5 % for rice, no more than 4. 0 8 % for wheat seeds, and no more than 1. 9 1 % for rapeseed seeds under the better parameter combinations. The constructed regression model of seed supply rate can provide a reference for matching the parameters of high-speed operation of rice, wheat, and rapeseed centralized metering devices. The field seeding test showed that when the operating speed was 8 - 1 0 km/ h, the coefficient of variation of seedling emergence uniformity of rice, wheat, and rapeseed was less than 10%, and the field operation performance met the standard requirements of high-speed seeding of rice, wheat, and rapeseed. The research result can provide a reference for the structural improvement of high-speed centrifugal centralized metering devices. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 26

Main heading: Impellers

Controlled terms: Centrifugation? - ?Failure (mechanical)? - ?Oilseeds? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Regression analysis? - ?Rotation

Uncontrolled terms: Centralised? - ?Centralized seed metering deice? - ?Combined use? - ?High Speed? - ?Impeller centrifugal? - ?Metering devices? - ?Rapeseed? - ?Rice? - ?Seed metering? - ?Wheat

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?214 Materials Science? - ?601.2 Machine Components? - ?609.2 Pumps? - ?802.3 Chemical Operations? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics

Numerical data indexing: Angular velocity 1.002E+00rad/s to 1.336E+00rad/s, Angular velocity 6.68E-01rad/s to 9.185E-01rad/s, Percentage 1.00E+01%, Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Size 0.00E00m, Size 1.00E-02m to 2.00E-02m, Size 5.00E-03m, Size 7.00E-03m to 1.10E-02m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.003

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

69. Design and Test of Continuous Tray Supply and Take-up Device for Automatic High-speed Transplanting Machine

Accession number: 20253919240618

Title of translation: 全自动高速移栽机连续供盘收盘装置设计与试验

Authors: Li, Yuhua (1); Zhang, Kangbo (1); Hou, Rui (2); Zhou, Kai (1); Shi, Guoying (1); Hou, Jialin (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian; 271018, China; (2) Department of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing; 100876, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 405-416

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Aiming at the issue of manual operation required for feeding and stacking trays in existing automatic transplanters, which results in a low level of automation, a method for continuous feeding and stacking trays in transplanters was proposed. A device for continuous feeding and stacking trays in transplanters was designed based on multi-sensor fusion technology, and the structure and working principle of the device were analyzed. The design and optimization of the horizontal tray feeding mechanism, longitudinal stepwise tray moving mechanism, vertical continuous tray picking and placing mechanism, dual opening and closing tray stacking mechanism, and control system were carried out. Kinematic models for each stage of the tray movement were established. The Box — Behnken central combination test was used to study the role of tray tilt angle, tray feed air pressure, hole bottom distance on the continuous rate of seedling tray articulation, and the design of orthogonal tests through analysis of variance and response surface analysis showed that when the tray feed air pressure was 0. 37 MPa, the tray drop tilt angle was 27. 29°, and the hole bottom distance was 5. 26 mm, the optimal rate of seedling tray articulation was 96. 8 1 %, to transfer disk deviation as an indicator to carry out the transfer disk toggle position accuracy test concluded that the maximum deviation of the step transfer disk was 14. 17% . Under the condition of meeting the highest planting efficiency of the transplanter, the optimal parameter combination was used to conduct field tests, and the results showed that when the planting efficiency reached 128 plants/min, the continuous rate of seedling tray articulation was 9 5 %, and the success rate of stacking trays was 9 9 % . All the performances met the working requirements of the transplanter. The proposed method of continuous tray supply and collection can significantly improve the automation degree of the transplanter, and the research result can provide technical support for the research and development of tray supply and collection of the transplanter. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 29

Main heading: Feeding

Controlled terms: Automation? - ?Kinematics? - ?Plant shutdowns? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Seed? - ?Surface analysis

Uncontrolled terms: Air-pressure? - ?Continuous feeding? - ?Continuous supply tray? - ?Design and tests? - ?Hole tray recovery? - ?Plantings? - ?Seedling tray connection? - ?Stackings? - ?Tilt angle? - ?Transplanter

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?208 Coatings, Surfaces, Finishes, Films and Deposition? - ?691.2 Materials Handling Methods? - ?731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?1301.1.1 Mechanics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 1.70E+01%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 9.00E+00%, Pressure 3.70E+07Pa, Size 2.60E-02m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.032

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village

70. Analysis and Structural Optimization of Filling and Releasing Mechanism for Pneumatic High-speed Precision Maize Seed-metering Device

Accession number: 20253919240575

Title of translation: 气压式高速玉米精量排种器充-投种机理分析与结构优化

Authors: Li, Zhimin (1); An, Shaoyi (1); Yang, Li (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1); He, Xiantao (1); Cui, Tao (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China

Source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Jixie Xuebao

Volume: 56

Issue: 9

Issue date: September 2025

Publication year: 2025

Pages: 62-72 and 128

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10001298

CODEN: NUYCA3

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: With the accelerating trend of large-scale agricultural cultivation, high-speed, high-efficiency, and high-precision seeding has become a critical technological approach to simultaneously enhancing maize yield and economic returns. However, the seeding accuracy of existing seed metering devices declined significantly with the increase of working speed, failing to meet the demands of high-speed applications. To address the issues of insufficient seed filling and inconsistent seed placement in pneumatic precision maize seed metering device working at speeds above 12 k m / h, a disturbance groove structure was proposed to improve seed flowability, reduce filling resistance, and enhance filling performance. Additionally, a seed-pushing mechanism integrating broken-seed removal and active seed pushing functions was designed to eliminate broken seeds and ensure consistent seed release position. Through theoretical analysis, the critical factors influencing seed filling and release performance were identified. A Box-Behnken response surface methodology experiment was conducted with hole diameter, number of hole, and airflow rate as variables, resulting in the establishment of a regression model for performance evaluation and optimization of parameter combinations. Results indicated that at working speed of 15 k m / h, optimal performance was achieved with hole diameter of 6. 21 mm, 25 holes, and airflow rate of 265. 98 m V h, yielding qualified index of 98. 14%, multiple-seeding index of 1. 4 6 %, and missing-seeding index of 0. 4 0 % . The results of the comparative experiment showed that under the working condition of 14 k m / h, when using a seed plate with disturbance groove structure, the qualified index was increased by 1.99 percentage points, the missing seeding index was decreased by 2. 12 percentage points, and the plant spacing coefficient of variation was decreased by 1.48 percentage points. When using the seed-pushing mechanism, the plant spacing coefficient of variation was decreased by 3. 2 percentage points. Field experiment showed that under the working speed of 14. 37 k m / h, the seed metering device achieved a qualified index of 98. 0 4 %, a multiple seeding index of 0. 3 3 %, a missing seeding index of 1. 6 3 %, and a plant spacing coefficient of variation of 15. 6 2 % . Compared with the previously high-speed precision seed metering device with air suction, the qualified index was improved by 7. 6 percentage points, the multiple-seeding index was decreased by 2. 9 percentage points, the missing seeding index was decreased by 4. 7 percentage points, and the plant spacing coefficient of variation was decreased by 4. 42 percentage points, confirming its superior performance under high-speed conditions. The research result can provide valuable insights for the structural optimization of pneumatic high-speed precision maize seed-metering device. ? 2025 Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All rights reserved.

Number of references: 34

Main heading: Pneumatics

Controlled terms: Cultivation? - ?Efficiency? - ?Filling? - ?Grain (agricultural product)? - ?Plants (botany)? - ?Pneumatic materials handling equipment? - ?Regression analysis? - ?Seed

Uncontrolled terms: Coefficients of variations? - ?High Speed? - ?Maize? - ?Maize seeds? - ?Percentage points? - ?Plant spacing? - ?Precision seed-metering devices? - ?Seed-metering device? - ?Seed-pushing mechanism? - ?Working speed

Classification code: 103 Biology? - ?691.1 Materials Handling Equipment? - ?691.2 Materials Handling Methods? - ?821.4 Agricultural Methods? - ?821.5 Agricultural Products? - ?913.1 Production Engineering? - ?1202.2 Mathematical Statistics? - ?1401.3 Pneumatics, Equipment and Machinery

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 0.00E00%, Percentage 1.40E+01%, Percentage 2.00E+00%, Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+00%, Percentage 6.00E+00%, Size 2.10E-02m, Size 9.80E+01m

DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.09.005

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Data Provider: Engineering Village