Ecological protection and restoration of the national land space is an important grasp of implementation of national ecological civilization construction, as well as construction of national ecological security pattern and coordination of mountain, water, forest, lake, grass and sand system management important initiatives. The identification of ecological protection and restoration key areas is the precondition and basic guarantee for the preparation of ecological protection and restoration planning, spatial and temporal layout of ecological protection and restoration projects and other series of work, which is crucial to the ecological protection and restoration of the national land space. Therefore, taking an ecological protection and restoration project in Henan Province as the research area, the research and practice of ecological protection and restoration key area identification integrating time-series remote sensing analysis was carried out. Firstly, based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, the Mann-Kendall method was used to carry out trend analysis of the study area from 2011 to 2020 time-series NDVI and form the time-series analysis results. Secondly, based on meteorological, soil, topographic and NPP data, an ecosystem health analysis and assessment based on ecosystem service synergy and trade-off calculation was carried out to select ecological source sites. Finally, based on the results of time-series analysis and ecological source site selection, superposition analysis was used to carry out the identification of key areas for ecological protection and restoration. The results showed that the proposed research framework of “ecosystem health assessment based on synergistic trade-off calculation of ecosystem services—timeseries remote sensing trend analysis” proposed not only considered the “static” ecosystem services and ecosystem health attributes in the study area, but also measured the “dynamic” ecosystem change trends. It can effectively identify key areas for ecological protection and restoration in the national space. The results of the study can provide technical support for the background survey, problem identification, planning and engineering layout of ecological protection and restoration in the national land space.