In view of the problems of different planting depths, high lodging rate and seedling injury rate in traditional cabbage planting devices, which affect the workability of machine harvesting, a double-row chain planting device was designed for cabbage substrate block seedlings, through theoretical analysis of the device and key components, the operating parameters of the device were determined. A double-row chain planting device test bench for cabbage substrate block seedlings was built, and the three-factor five-level quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination test was carried out on lodging rate and seedling injury rate with forward speed, planting frequency, and clamping force of splint in the planter as test factors: through Design-Expert 8.0.6 software, the regression model of each influencing factor on the index was established, and the relationship between influencing factors on the index was analyzed, while the response surface method was used to optimize the influencing factors comprehensively, and the optimal combination of parameters was obtained: forward speed was 1.6km/h, planting frequency was 57 plants/min, internal splint clamping force was 91.83N, corresponding to the lodging rate of 2.9% and seedling injury rate of 2.83%. The combination of parameters was verified by bench test, the lodging rate was 3.13% and the seedling injury rate was 3.07%, which were basically consistent with the optimization results, which verified the rationality of the built model and the optimized parameters. Field test results showed that the lodging rate was 3.35%, the seedling injury rate was 3.14%, and the relative errors with optimized results of the two indicators were 0.45% and 0.31%, indicating that the device had high stability.