In the context of global change, it is important for sustainable agricultural development to reveal the response of soil nutrient system to changes in climate and human cropland use. Based on the climate, land use intensity (LUI) and soil nutrient data of Yanqi Basin, the sensitivity, contribution rate and GIS methods were used to analyze the sensitivity and spatial differentiation of soil nutrient system to climate and human land use activities. The results showed that there was an obvious trend of warming and wetting in Yanqi Basin (the temperature tendency rate was 3℃/(10a), the precipitation tendency rate was 39mm/(10a)), and the LUI was increased slightly. There were significant spatial differences in the sensitivity and response of soil nutrient systems to climate and LUI changes. The soil nutrient system had higher spatial heterogeneity in sensitivity to temperature change and more depth of response to LUI change. The contribution rate of climate and LUI to soil nutrient system was significantly different, and the contribution rate of LUI was greater than that of climate. The sensitivity of soil nutrient system and its spatial distribution were the result of mutual regulation and spatial differentiation between natural environment and human cultivated land utilization. The results can provide scientific basis for improving the ability of soil nutrient system to cope with climate change and the precise and efficient management of cultivated land.