In view of the complex links of the pufferfish supply chain, high regulatory requirements, complicated information transmission in the traceability system, and low data query efficiency, in order to improve the efficiency and security of pufferfish traceability query, a type of pufferfish supply chain traceability optimization model based on blockchain technology was established, and a corresponding system was built. Firstly, the supply chain information of the pufferfish supply chain business was analyzed, the traceability source information and product information of each business link of the supply chain was sorted out and extracted;and then based on the blockchain technology, the trusted traceability optimization model architecture of the pufferfish supply chain was established, and a multi-chain storage mode and fast query process and formulate corresponding smart contracts were designed;finally, a pufferfish supply chain information traceability system was implemented based on Hyperledger Fabric, and tested by using the Caliper performance test tool. The results showed that when the number of data records was greater than 1000, the query efficiency of the model would be higher than that of the traditional single-chain model. After 10000 data records were uploaded to the chain, the query efficiency of this model was about 92.9% higher than that of the traditional single-chain model. Taking a pufferfish enterprise in Jiangsu Province as an example, the information security transmission and rapid traceability of the pufferfish supply chain were realized. The proposed model can be applied to the pufferfish industry to improve the traceability efficiency and security, and it can provide a tamper-proof and high query efficiency model for the pufferfish industry.