Based on the data of MODIS and NDVI from 2006 to 2020 and the spatial distribution data of gross domestic product (GDP), population (POP) and Land Cover in 2010 and 2015, the temporal and spatial changes of NDVI in Anhui Province and the influence of human activities on the spatial variability of NDVI were analyzed. The results showed that from 2006 to 2020, the NDVI of Anhui Province fluctuated between 0.535 and 0.568, showing an overall improvement trend. Its cumulative growth rate was 6.23%. The seasonal growth rate from high to low was: autumn (0.0042a-1), winter (0.0036a-1),summer (0.0031a-1) and spring (0.0029a-1). In the past 15 years, 69.17% of the NDVI area in Anhui Province was significantly improved or slightly improved. The improvement areas were mainly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River. Spring and winter made the greatest contribution to the improvement of NDVI. The areas where NDVI showed continuous improvement accounted for 42.36%, and the areas showing continuous degradation accounted for 17.23%. The areas of degraded NDVI were mainly distributed in capital cities and the places with rapid economic development. In terms of the impact of human activities, the explanatory power of GDP, POP and Land Cover on the spatial variability distribution of NDVI in 2010 were all over 27%, and the explanatory power in 2015 was all over 15%. It can be seen that GDP, POP and Land Cover all had a significant impact on the spatial distribution of NDVI. From 2006 to 2020, the NDVI of Anhui Province showed a continuous improvement trend in temporal and spatial changes. It showed that the green development of Anhui Province was advancing steadily.