Rice is the second largest crop in China, and its planting area and spatial distribution information are the main basis for the adjustment of crop planting structure. Phenology is the reflection of the interaction between vegetation physiological and ecological processes and environmental changes, and the use of time series remote sensing data can help reveal the phenological characteristics of rice. The moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used as the data source, the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) was selected to reconstruct the EVI time series and extract rice phenological information in 2019 and 2020. Area total and amplitude were selected as extraction indicators, combining with the single-point EVI time series in 2019 and the statistical data of rice planting area, the thresholds of area total and amplitude for 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province were determined. According to the obtained thresholds, the rice planting area in Jiangsu Province in 2020 was extracted. Finally, the accuracy of the extraction results was verified by using the statistical data of the rice planting area in 2020 and Landsat8 images. The results showed that the overall accuracy of rice extraction was 92.55%, the Kappa coefficient was 0.8463, the mapping accuracy of rice was 92.90%, the user accuracy was 89.09%, and the consistency with statistical data was 93.90%. The research results can provide a reference value for extracting crop planting area in large areas.