In order to explore the hydrodynamic characteristics of axial flow pump device under reverse operation condition, the reverse operation characteristics of an axial flow pump device with conventional one-way impeller were studied by experimental measurement combined with numerical simulation. The energy characteristics and internal flow characteristics of the axial flow pump device, including the reverse pump condition and the reverse power generation condition were analyzed. The results showed that the head and efficiency of reverse pumping by axial flow pump device with oneway impeller were low. The head at high efficiency point was 0.38 times of that at high efficiency point under conventional pump condition, and the efficiency at high efficiency point was 0.55 times of that under conventional pump condition. The pressure pulsation signal component under the reverse pump condition was relatively complex, and the flow pattern of the outlet channel of the pump device was poor. There was a large range of recirculation zone in the nonworking face of the blade under different flow conditions. Under the reverse power generation condition, the maximum efficiency point shifted to the large flow rate, which appeared at the Qd=1.63 flow rate condition. The range of the high efficiency zone was increased significantly, reaching 1.53 times of the pump condition, and it can still maintain a high level of hydraulic efficiency under the large flow rate condition. Under the condition of reverse power generation, the limiting current line of non-working face of pump blade was relatively smooth, and the pressure gradient distribution of blade working face was relatively uniform. The research results can provide a reference for the safe and stable operation of axial flow pump device under special utilization conditions.