In order to reveal the effects of biodegradable film mulching with onetime fertilization on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize, a field experiment was carried out in 2015 and 2016. Four treatments were designed, including onetime root zone fertilization (N1), onetime furrow fertilization (N2), onetime whole field fertilization (N3) and no fertilizer control treatment (CK). The results showed that the straw dry matter and grain dry matter mass under the three kinds of onetime fertilization treatments were all higher than that under CK control treatment, and the average grain dry matter mass under N1 treatment was increased by 14.75% and 4.98% compared with that under N3 and N2 respectively. The nitrogen absorption rate under N1 treatment was higher than that under N2 and N3 treatments, and there were significant differences between N2 and N3 during seedling stage to jointing stage and jointing stage to big trumpet stage. The nitrogen accumulation in summer maize ripening stage arranged from high to low was N1, N2 and N3. Compared with CK control, the yield under N3, N2 and N1 treatments was increased by 30.23%, 44.16% and 54.65% on average, respectively, and the yield under N1 treatment was higher than that under N2 and N3 treatments, and the average yield was increased by 18.75% compared with that under N3 treatment. The average nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity under N1 treatment was increased by 7.28% and 18.75% compared with that under N2 and N3, respectively, and the average apparent nitrogen utilization rate under N1 was increased by 30.61% and 88.28% compared with that under N2 and N3, respectively. Above all, onetime root zone fertilization treatment (N1) was advantageous to the concentration of nitrogen in soil plough horizon, which can improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in summer corn, and promote dry matter accumulation and yield of summer maize. It can also provide scientific basis and theoretical value for effective fertilization, reduction of nitrogen fertilizer pollution and improvement of fertilizer utilization efficiency under the cultivation mode of fully covered plastic film degradation in arid and semiarid areas. 