In order to clarify the effects of straw treatment on the quality of straw returning, tillage preparation, rice growth and yield in Northeast rice region, and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the benefits, three straw treatment methods were set according to the agronomic requirements of straw returning and different straw treatment equipments. Specifically, three methods were as follows: chopping and spreading at harvesting (CK, combine harvester with chopper cum spreader device), straw treatment 1 after harvesting (T1, combine harvester with chopper cum spreader device + secondary spread), straw treatment 2 after harvesting (T2, combine harvester without chopper cum spreader device + chopping and spreading after harvesting). The experiment monitored the effects of different straw treatment methods on the quality of straw chopping and spreading, the quality of land preparation, the growth of rice and the yield. The experiments showed that all three straw treatment methods could achieve full amount straw returning, which could ensure normal field machinery operation and rice growth. Among them, T2 had the best comprehensive effect, which could achieve better straw chopping and spreading effect, straw burying effect, higher aboveground biomass and yield of rice. In terms of straw chopping and spreading quality, compared with CK and T1, T2 had significant differences in average straw chopping length, qualified rate of straw chopping length, and residue height. Although the unevenness of straw spreading was higher than that of T1, there was no significant difference. In terms of land preparation quality in the subsequent period, compared with CK, the vegetation coverage of T2 below the surface and below 8cm was significantly different, which was better than CK. Compared with T1, there was a significant difference in vegetation coverage below the surface, while there was no significant difference in vegetation coverage below 8cm. In terms of rice growth and yield, the yield of T1 and T2 treatment was 1.5% and 4.4% higher than that of CK, respectively, and the difference of T2 treatment reached a significant level. This study provided a theoretical basis for the selection of rice straw harvesting treatment methods and supporting equipment in Northeast rice region. 