Based on the high-throughput DNA sequencing of Illumina，the microbial community composition of the compost ofmushroom residue added with cow dung and turf as the nitrogen source was entirely clarified，respectively. The results showed that the biodiversity of organic manure produced by “cow dung + mushroom residue” was higher than that of “turf + mushroom residue”, and the fungal difference was greater than that of bacteria;compared with the compost of “turf + mushroom residue”, the compost of “cow dung + mushroom residue” had 10 dominant bacteria and six dominant fungi at genus level, at the same time, the compost of “turf + mushroom residue” had 14 dominant genus and four dominant fungal genus relative to “cattle manure + fungus”. Therefore, the microbial communities had no significant difference between two formula composts. At the same time, it was found that a variety of functional bacteria with agricultural value can provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of functional microorganisms in the future，such as Chaetomium. In addition, some potential hazard factors, such as Aspergillus_flavus and Aspergillus_subversicolor were found to be highly abundant in the “cow dung + mushroom residue” organic fertilizer, which produced the toxin was likely to cause crop pollution. Agricultural producers and related management departments should pay attention to the risks.