Based on a 9year field experiment, the effects of tillage systems on waterstable aggregate content, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, wheat yield and soil water use efficiency (WUE) were investigated under the two planting methods (wheat continuous cropping and wheat/maize rotation ) in dark loess of Weibei Highland. The results showed that the content of water stable macroaggregate with diameter lager than 0.25mm (R0.25), mean weight diameter (MWD), SOC content, the aggregateassociated organic carbon of all size classes and water use efficiency (WUE) under wheat/maize rotation were mostly higher than those under the wheat continuous cropping in 0~20cm soil layer. Compared with the conventional tillage, the measures of notillage (NN), subsoiling (SS) and notillagesubsoiling (NS) mainly increased soil R0.25, SOC, the aggregateassociated organic carbon of all size classes and the contribution of soil organic carbon in water stable macroaggregate with a diameter lager than 0.25mm to total soil organic carbon (ISOC0.25) in 0~10cm soil layer. In the soil layer below 10cm, the SOC content of NS treatment was increased, and the measures of NS also increased soil R0.25, the aggregateassociated organic carbon of all size classes and ISOC0.25 in soil layer of 35~50cm. Compared with the conventional tillage, the measures of NS increased wheat yield and WUE significantly, by 14.25% and 19.30% for wheat yield, by 24.98% and 9.89% for WUE in wheat continuous cropping and wheat/maize rotation, respectively. Generally, compared with the wheat continuous cropping, wheat/maize rotation was more beneficial to improving soil structure, increasing SOC content and WUE; and the tillage of NS was the most suitable measure for the local soil conditions.