Existing agronomy of American ginseng cultivated in China, which uses narrow row spacing and precision seeding, has persistent challenges that employ a seeder to improve efficiency and guarantee precision, highlighting a need for narrow row spacing precision sowing technology and equipment. The object was to explore an innovated prototype of multi narrow rows parallel tubeneedle centralized seeding device to address the challenge, which combined positive and negative air pressure to suck and discharge the seed respectively. The working principle of the prototype device was introduced and main structural parameters were confirmed. The uniformity of airflow field distribution between rows of the prototype device was estimated by employing the simulation analysis. The mechanical model for seed sucking and discharging during the seeding process was constructed. Finally, the seeding performance of the prototype device was tested by bench test and the influence law of the seeding performance was investigated. The result of airflow field simulation analysis showed that the coefficient of variation on the airflow average velocity value of each seeding needle at the end adsorption surface was 2.923%, which proved that the airflow field of the centralized seeding device designed was evenly distributed. The bench test results showed that the seeding qualified index of the prototype device reached more than 90%. Combined with the quadratic regression rotation orthogonal combination test and response surface analysis, it was showed that the primary and secondary factors affecting seeding qualified index and missing index were rotating speed of the seed meter shaft, the negative pressure and the positive pressure successively. The optimal working parameters combination was optimized as the row axis speed of 13.10~17.70r/min, the negative pressure of 4.25~4.50kPa, and the positive pressure of 2.90kPa. Within the optimal condition range, the qualified index of a single row was greater than 88.50%, the missing index was less than 5.00% and the multiple index was less than 7.50%. The difference working conditions in the optimal condition range were selected to estimate the overall performance of the prototype device. The result showed that each row qualified index of centralized seeding device was greater than 8630%, the consistency coefficient of variation for each row was less than 1.80% and the stability coefficient of variation for each row was less than 6.20%, which confirmed that the seed metering device worked stably and achieved the precision seed metering requirements for American ginseng sowing. The research result provided the core device for further developing American ginseng seeder adapted to the precision planting agronomic requirements.