Taihu Lake Basin was selected as the study area. The single factor pollution index and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index wereusedto evaluate pollution level of soil heavy metals. Descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to analyze the sources of heavy metals in Taihu Lake Basin. The main conclusions were as follows: the comprehensive pollution level of soil heavy metals in Taihu Lake Basin was between safety to moderate pollution. Hg, Cu and Zn had great harm to Taihu Lake Basin’s soil environmental quality and the effect of Hg was the most profound and decisive. Cr was the only element that did not pose a hazard to its soil environmental quality. The source analysis results showed that Hg, Cu and Zn in the soil of Taihu Lake Basin were mainly derived from industrial sources. As, Pb and Cd were mainly derived from agricultural fertilizer and pesticide, among which Pb and Cd were also affected by natural factors. The source of Cr was relatively natural and was not affected by obvious human factors.