浅层填沙滴灌种植枸杞改良龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地研究
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国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2013AA102904)、国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(51509238、41503078)和中国科学院“西部之光”人才培养计划项目


Amelioration of High Saline-sodic Wasteland of Takyric Solonetz by Cropping Lycium barbarum L. with Drip Irrigation and Shallow Sand-filled Niches
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    摘要:

    龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地主要分布在我国西北旱区,其土壤碱化度高、结构差、导水率低是制约其改良利用的关键因素。通过在滴头下方设置沙穴,探索在滴灌条件下种植枸杞的方式改良利用该盐碱荒地的可行性。通过设置-5kPa(S1)、-10kPa(S2)、-15kPa(S3)、-20kPa(S4)和-25kPa(S5)5个不同土壤基质势控制灌水下限处理,寻求最优的滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明,种植后土壤水分入渗性能得到显著改善,滴头下湿润区域面积不断增大,逐渐形成一个脱盐区(ECe<4dS/m)。控制较高的土壤基质势下限,有利于土壤盐分的淋洗。滴灌种植后土壤的ECe/SARe显著增加,说明土壤盐分组成特征发生变化,土壤物理性质得到改善;土壤速效养分含量显著增加,其中硝态氮表现出较强的随水迁移性,存在淋失风险,而速效磷随水迁移性弱,主要积累在0~20cm深度内。种植3a之后,S1成活率最低(56.8%),S3最高(81.1%),而S2、S3和S4产量显著高于其他处理(p<0.05),三者之间差异不显著,均为900kg/hm2左右,达到当地良田水平。结合土壤水盐特征、养分分布及枸杞生长等各方面因素,可以通过在滴头下设置沙穴滴灌种植枸杞的方式改良龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地,并在种植前2a控制土壤基质势下限为-10kPa,从第3年改为-20kPa。

    Abstract:

    Takyric solonetz is spread mainly in arid area, Northwest China. Its poor soil structure and extremely low hydraulic conductivities (Ks< 0.1 mm/d) are the key factors restricting its amelioration. The ECe(electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract), SARe (sodium adsorption ratio of saturated paste extract), and pHs (pH of saturated paste) of the native soil studied at depth of 0~30cm were 12.30dS/m, 44.12 (mmol/L)0.5 and 9.33, respectively. After deep tillage, beds (1.0m width, 0.5m height) were formed. The drip lines were placed on beds covered with plastic. Lycium barbarum L. seedlings were then planted. A three-year field experiment was conducted to determine if reclamation could be achieved while cropping Lycium barbarum L. by using drip irrigation where soil beneath the drip emitters near the plants was replaced with sand in niches that were 0.2m ground diameter and 0.2m depth. The purpose of sandfilled niche was to increase the area over which infiltration of water occured thereby reducing the application rates to values that more closely matched the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the native soil, provide a reservoir for holding the applied water before it infiltrated and avoid the adversely mechanical impact and the stirring action of applied water on soil surface. Five treatments based on soil matric potential (SMP) thresholds used to trigger drip irrigation were designed to find the optimal drip irrigation schedule, i.e., -5kPa (S1), -10kPa (S2), -15kPa (S3), -20kPa (S4) and -25kPa (S5). The results showed that significant improvement was achieved in soil infiltration capability, which was demonstrated by the increasingly enlarged wetted area beneath the drip emitter. Consequently, a desalt region (ECe< 4dS/m) was formed, and high SMP level was favorable for the saltleaching in soil. The ratio of ECe/SARe was increased significantly after planting, which indicated the changes of soil salt composition characteristics and the amelioration of soil physical properties. After planting with drip irrigation, the contents of soil available nutrients were increased sharply. Nitrate nitrogen showed a high migration with water movement, and had potential to be lost by leaching, so nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in the later period during one irrigation event to reduce the leaching of nitrogen and raise fertilizer use efficiency. While available phosphorus was distributed mainly in depth of 0~20cm under drip emitter, due to its low migration with water. After three years experiment, S1 had the lowest survival rate (56.8%), and S3 got the highest (81.1%), S2, S3 and S4 gave higher fruit yields than other treatments significantly (p<0.05), which was around 900kg/hm2, and it was close to the level in local farmland. The findings indicated that a sandfilled niche beneath the drip emitter could be adopted for the reclamation of highly saline-sodic wasteland of takyric solonetz. Considering the factors, including soil watersalt properties, soil nutrients distribution and the growth of Lycium barbarum L., an SMP of -10kPa in the first two years and -20kPa from the third year could be used to trigger drip irrigation.

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张体彬,展小云,康跃虎,万书勤,冯浩.浅层填沙滴灌种植枸杞改良龟裂碱土重度盐碱荒地研究[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(10):139-149. Zhang Tibin, Zhan Xiaoyun, Kang Yaohu, Wan Shuqin, Feng Hao. Amelioration of High Saline-sodic Wasteland of Takyric Solonetz by Cropping Lycium barbarum L. with Drip Irrigation and Shallow Sand-filled Niches[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(10):139-149

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  • 收稿日期:2016-05-17
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  • 在线发布日期: 2016-10-10
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