On the basis of analyzing the defects and shortcomings of the existing sugarcane harvester feeding system, simulation analysis and experimental research has shown that the improvement of gearbox of feeding system is helpful to ameliorate the knife dish plugging problem in the sugarcane harvester. The structure improvement of feeding system was mainly carried out with respect to the functional characteristics of the gearbox. The gearbox was changed by feeding roller, and the shafts of two cutters were driven by a pair of reverse synchronous rotating hydraulic synchronous motor. The improved feeding system can expand the logistics channel of cutting transmission mechanism. Meanwhile, the negative sliding frictional resistance the gearbox has on sugarcane was converted into positive rolling frictional driving force produced by the feeding roller. The trapezoidal tooth on feeding roller can not only play the role of clamping and conveying sugarcane, but also envelope sugarcane and increase the contact surface between the sugarcane and feeding roller, which increases the dynamic friction of sugarcane. 3D graphics software SolidWorks was used to modeling, then the improved model was imported into simulation software ADAMS for motion and force analysis. The results show that the improved feeding roller can shorten the retention time on screw conveyor by 359%, as well as reduce the force exerted to the sugarcane by 86% compared to gearbox. That is to say, the sugarcane was more easily to skid into the logistics channel, and the conveying speed is faster with backward transport distance farther. The transmission performance is significantly improved, which can effectively suppress the feeding system plugging problem and play a disproof role of the test about cutter motor pressure measurement. The simulation experiment also shows that the retention time of the sugarcane on the screw was reduced relative to the speed of the feeding roller, and the amount of time of 150r/min speed was shortened by 20% compared to that of 250r/min speed. And the times that the feeding roller applied to the sugarcane was reduced relatively and the radial force exerted to the sugarcane was reduced significantly. Therefore, an appropriate increase in the feeding roller speed can improve the transportation quality of sugarcane and reduce the blocking rate of sugarcane harvester, which can provide a reference for improvement of cutter structure and position parameters.