To improve the dynamic performance of a V-type diesel engine at high altitude, the matching calculation was carried out between the diesel engine and regulated two-stage turbocharging system, and the two-stage turbines and compressors were determined. The calibration results of optimum valve opening and optimum boost pressure were achieved at all operating conditions according to the steady performance target at different altitudes. The transient simulation model was constructed, and the effect of different altitudes on the transient response characteristic of boost pressure was investigated. The openloop and closedloop control strategies were designed based on the MAP diagram of optimum boost pressure to improve the transient response of boost pressure at different altitudes. The results showed that the closedloop control strategy can achieve better transient response compared with the openloop control strategy. With the closedloop control strategy of boost pressure, the response time was reduced from 2.82s to 2.41s at the altitude of 0m. The response time was reduced from 3.20s to 2.32s at the altitude of 3000m, and it was reduced from 3.41s to 2.25s at the altitude of 4500m. The effect of different altitudes on transient response characteristic was largely weakened with the closedloop control strategy. 