To obtain real-time data during large-scale aerobic composting, realize automation control, optimize the composting process and improve product quality, a real-time monitoring system for temperature and oxygen concentration during large-scale aerobic composting with high integration and easy portability was developed on the basic of current studies. The system was consisted of temperature acquisition module, oxygen concentration acquisition module, signal processing module and data display and storage module. Performance experiments were operated in laboratory and actual large-scale aerobic composting, respectively. The results showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of temperature monitoring was inferior to 3.02% and response time was less than 45s; the RSD value and response time of oxygen concentration was inferior to 2.96% and 30s. In conclusion, the system has good performances such as high accuracy, good stability and fast response speed; it can satisfy the need of real-time monitoring of temperature and oxygen concentration in the process of large-scale aerobic composting and the need of scientific research.