A remote sensing system based on the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) was designed and established. The garden plot in Beijing was selected as a research object and the major growing period of Chinese chestnut was monitored. Based on this system, the experiment monitoring for the major growing period of Chinese chestnut was achieved and a large number of high resolution images was obtained. The preprocessing including selecting, band separation and calibration and so on was made and finally three main band (red, green, near infrared) reflectance data of Chinese chestnut in the major growing period was generated. According to the analysis of difference for spectral signature between vegetation and soil in the band range of 400～1200nm, the ratio of total number of vegetation pixels was counted for the imaging range, that was fractional vegetation cover (FVC). The fractional vegetation cover of unmanned aerial vehicles images could be computed rapidly. The annual variation of fractional vegetation coverfor Chinese chestnut was monitored using multi temporal unmanned aerial vehicles remote sensing images. The simulation scenes were formed by computer simulation method and the characteristic of statisticsscalefor Chinese chestnut fraction vegetation cover was analysed. The availability and effectiveness of the fractional vegetation cover computed from remote sensing images of unmanned aerial vehicles were validated.