Hydrogeological survey and geochemical technology were used to investigate the relationship among recharge, runoff and discharge and hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater in the Wuwei basin of the Shiyang River. And the response of hydrochemical evolution law to water circulation update was discussed. The results indicated that the TDS (total dissolved solids) values were between 131 and 1 750 mg/L, gradually increasing along the flow direction. The hydrochemical types showed an obvious zonation from the upper reaches to lower, which gradually changed from HCO-3-SO2-4-Ca2+-Mg2+ to SO2-4-HCO-3-Mg2+-Ca2+. Kriging interpolation of GIS was used to simulate the variation of the TDS of the survey region from 1989 to 2009. The results showed that the TDS in the south basin gradually increased as time went by, while there was an increasing trend at the earlier years, followed by a drop in the north basin. The TDS increased gradually along the flow direction from the piedmont to tail. As a result of the runoff leakage supply to the groundwater, the salinity along the bank of the Shiyang River was significantly low. The formation cause of the chemical components of the groundwater was due to the dissolution of halite, plaster, dolomite and calcite, also influenced by evaporation, ion exchange and sedimentary. Decline rate of groundwater storage capacity and groundwater depth was 3.04×108 m3/a and 0.47 m/a, respectively. With the increase of groundwater depth, the TDS value showed a trend of decrease and the drop rate was between 11.12~50.41 mg/(L·a).