Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of low lead content (<300mg/kg dry soil) on winter wheat seedlings rhizosphere microorganisms. Compared to the control, the number of bacterial decreased significantly (p<0.01) by 16.25% at the third week and by 8.62% at the seventh week, and the number of fungi in low lead content decreased significantly (p<0.01) by an average of 34.08%, 39.89% and 17.49% at the third week, seventh week, and twelfth weeks, respectively. The actinomyces amount in low lead content decreased significantly (p<0.01) at the seventh and twelfth weeks. The correlation between the number of fungi and lead content was significant (p<0.01) at the third week and the number of actinomyces, the fungi and the total microbial had significant (p<0.05) correlation to the lead content at the seventh week. In the three growth stages, fungal/bacterial population ratio decreased evidently and the microbial functional diversity changed evidently in low lead content. In conclusion, soil microbial population and community in the rhizosphere of winter wheat seedlings were affected significantly by low lead content.