Six main winter wheat cultivars planted in Shaanxi Province were used as test crops to study their differences in yield and nutrient use efficiency at different nutrient inputs by a two-year field experiment in Northwest China. The obtained results showed that winter wheat yield and biomass increased significantly with the increase of nutrient inputs, and the high-yielding varieties were more sensitive to the nutrient inputs than the low-yielding varieties. Analyzing yield components revealed that, in the low nutrient inputs condition, the yield depended on panicles per unit area and grain number per spike, but panicles per unit area dominated the yield in high nutrient inputs condition. In the low nutrient inputs condition, nitrogen recovery efficiency, agronomic use efficiency and partial factor productivity of the high-yielding varieties were 6.3%～61.6%, 52.1%～122% and 9.8%～25% respectively, higher than those of the low-yielding varieties. Phosphorus recovery efficiency, agronomic use efficiency and partial factor productivity of the high-yielding varieties were 31.2%～33.3%, 58.9%～126.3%, 7.0%～24.9% respectively, higher than those of the low-yielding varieties. Nitrogen and phosphorous partial productivity significantly decreased with the increase of nutrient inputs, and the low-yielding varieties were more sensitive to fertilization input than the high-yielding varieties.