The development of microalgae bioenergy industry could realize the combination of bioenergy production, environmental protection and CO2 emission reduction, which had important potential for achieving the sustainable development of human society. The advantages of microalgae bioenergy and the key technologies of microalgae bioenergy industrialization (including the screening of microalgae strain, large-scale cultivation and harvest, conversion and utilization of microalgae energy, and bio-refining of microalgae biomass) were introduced, and the appropriate model of microalgae bioenergy industry based on the current situation was explored. 