Soil organic matter (SOM) is the leading factor of soil fertility and quality. Revealing the spatiotemporal variation and driving factors of SOM is the basis for studying sustainable use of cultivated land and food security. Geographic detector, geostatistics and center of gravity shift methods were applied to analyze the spatiotemporal variation distribution pattern and identify the driving factors of SOM content in Shaanxi Province. The results showed that the distribution of SOM showed a pattern of high in the south and low in the north in Shaanxi Province in 2017 overall, with an average content of 15.63g/kg, an increase of 8.61% compared with that of 2007. Spatially, the center of gravity of SOM content shifted southwest, southern Shaanxi shifted westward, Guanzhong shifted eastward, and northern Shaanxi shifted southwest in 2017 compared with that in 2007;STN content (q=0.74) was the leading driving factor of SOM content spatial variation, followed by county administrative division, municipal administrative division, annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, soil subtypes, and soil types, which q values were greater than 0.3 in 2017;during 2007—2017, the driving force of soil total nitrogen (STN) content, annual average temperature and total mechanical power on SOM content variation was increased significantly, q value was increased by 0.39, 0.21 and 0.18, respectively;from 2007 to 2017, natural and human factors jointly drove the spatiotemporal variation of SOM content, but human activities had an important impact on both factors.