Heilongjiang Province is located in the northeast of China, with cold winter and long heating period. Aiming to cope with the problems of high rural living energy consumption, unreasonable energy structure and large straw energy demand in Heilongjiang Province, the resource quantity, consumption, energy structure and greenhouse gas emission reduction contribution of rural energy in Heilongjiang Province in 2030 and 2060 were predicated. The results showed that the total amount of rural energy consumption in Heilongjiang Province was about 22.0 million tons of standard coal currently, and the main rural energy used was straw and coal. From the perspective of greenhouse gas emission reduction, the contribution of straw burning and biomass briquette to greenhouse gas emission reduction was 1.40 million tons and 1.30 million tons CO2e, respectively. In 2030 and 2060, the total energy consumption of rural residents in Heilongjiang Province would be 5.9 million tons and 2.2 million tons of standard coal, respectively. Meanwhile, the amount of straw that can be collected was 92.8 million tons and 125.6 million tons, respectively. Under the background of greenhouse gas emission reduction and on the basis of meeting the demand of straw returning to the field and straw feeding, it was predicted that the maximum potential of straw for energy conversion in Heilongjiang Province in 2030 and 2060 would be 23.5 million tons and 31.7 million tons, respectively, equivalent to 4.5 million tons and 6.1 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 5.183% and 18.529% of the total energy consumption of rural residents in Heilongjiang Province in 2030 and 2060, respectively. In addition, the greenhouse gas emission reduction contribution of straw energy in 2030 and 2060 would be 24.7 million tons and 33.3 million tons CO2e, respectively. The research result had important guiding significance for greenhouse gas emission reduction and realizing the goal of carbon peak and neutrality.