In order to meet the requirements of plant material bowl seeding agronomy on the seeder, a reasonable structure of air suction cylinder type precise seeding device for maize with plant material bowl tray has been designed. The structural parameters of key components are determined by theoretical analysis. The dynamic model of seed suction process is established. The main factors affecting the suction performance indicators are the negative pressure, the forward speed and the suction angle. The simulation design was carried out to determine the influencing factors further. Finally, the performance test of the seeding device was carried out. The orthogonal test of three factors and four levels was adopted taking the qualified rate, missing seeding rate and the repetition rate as the performance indexes. The results showed that the main factors affecting the qualified index were negative pressure, forward speed and seed suction angle. The primary and secondary factors affecting the missing seeding index were negative pressure, suction angle and forward speed; the primary and secondary factors affecting the replay index were ngative pressure, forward speed and seed suction angle. The optimal parameter combination is that the forward speed is 0.22m/s, the negative pressure is 1200Pa and the suction angle is 20°. Under this condition, the qualified index is 90.48%, the missing sowing index is 4.24% and the replaying index is 5.28%, which meet the design requirements.The average performance index in this paper is different from the national standard. After many experiments, it is found that the population flow characteristics in the seed box have certain influence on the seed filling performance, and then affect the seeding performance of the device. The impact of liquidity needs to be further studied in the future.