In the hilly and mountainous areas, it is unable to use large-scale foreign sowing machines, and the traditional mechanical miniature potato seeder has the problems of serious seed-injury and poor filling effect. In order to meet the conditions of small plot operation in hilly and mountainous areas and enhance the mechanization level of minituber, a precision single-row air-suction planter of minituber was designed. The planter consisted of seeding device, fan, ditching device, and soil and ridging device, which can complete ditching, sowing and soil covering work at one time. The working principle of the precision air-suction type planter of minituber was expounded, and the main structural parameters were determined. The "Lishu No.6" minituber was used as the research object, the single factor test and the quadratic regression rotation orthogonal test method were used to test the seeding performance of the planter, the vibration frequency, vibration amplitude, suction negative pressure and working speed were selected as experimental factors. The mathematical models of the qualified-seeding index, the miss-seeding index and the multiple-seeding index were established, the influence of the interaction of each test factor on the qualification rate was analyzed. The best combination of working parameters was obtained by four factors and five levels quadratic regression rotary orthogonal test. After optimizing the test parameters, when the suction negative pressure was 10kPa, the working speed was 2.5km/h, the qualified-seeding index was greater than 90%, the miss-seeding index was less than 5%, and the multiple-seeding index was less than 5%. After field test, the qualified-seeding index of the planter was 93.28%, the miss-seeding index was 3.25% and the multiple-seeding index was 3.47%. The air-suction planter had stable operation quality and met the requirements of national standards. The results showed that the air-suction planter could fully meet the agronomic requirements of minituber planting.