In order to explore the temporal and spatial variation of surface soil moisture and its influencing factors during the spring snowmelt period in cold regions, the black soil region of Songnen Plain was taken as the research area, remote sensing and GLDAS were used to simulate the assimilation dataset, and the temperature and humidity indexes were used as an auxiliary index to pass the linear regression. Correlation analysis, sliding average and relative contribution rate method were used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of surface soil moisture during the snowmelt period, and the specific driving factors of surface soil moisture change was revealed. The results showed that the spatial distribution of soil moisture in the surface of the snowmelt was decreasing in the early stage of snowmelt, and the southward increasing and northward decreasing trend was in the late stage of snowmelt in the past 32 years. On the whole, the surface soil moisture in the early stage of snowmelt was mainly affected by snow, and the latter was mainly related to rainfall and total precipitation changes, the evaporation of temperature in areas with less snow and less rainfall would be obvious;the change of surface soil moisture in the early stage was mainly driven by the trend of temperature change. The trend of years of snow accumulation had a limiting effect on soil moisture change. The trend of rainfall and total precipitation determined the change direction of surface soil moisture in the late stage of snowmelt;from the quantitative contribution results, the change of temperature and snow in the early stage of snowmelt caused the surface soil moisture to be more than doubled, but the positive effect of rainfall trend in the late snowmelt would affect the feedback process of soil moisture warming and drying in the early stage of spring snowing, which would have a positive impact on the water exchange between land and air.