In order to improve the winter wheat sowing quality and fertilizer utilization rate and reduce production costs, and aiming at the extensive and low efficient characteristics of sowing and fertilizer application in winter wheat with moderate scale in central of China, based on the vehicle-based sensing of the CAN bus communication protocol and PIC control fusion technology, the 2BFJ-24 wheat precision sowing and variable fertilizer machine was designed. The system of machine consisted of sowing and fertilizing machinery parts, seed leakage monitoring parts, fertilizer jam alarm parts, variable fertilization control parts and vehicle computer. The seed row seed flow situation can be real-time monitored through the infrared photoelectric detection, and fertilizer drop signal can be real-time accessed by detecting changes in dielectric constant of the lower end of the fertilizer pipe. The machine field position can be obtained through the integrated GPS module, the fertilizer amount for current target location can be determined combined with the pre-loaded plots prescription, and the current fertilizer and flow information can be calculated based on the pressure sensor and computer to, according to the machine speed to adjust fertilizer amount in time, and ultimately achieve the process of sowing leaking or fertilizer blocked alarm and precision fertilization purposes. The field test results showed that the whole machine monitoring system can adapt to the complex environment field, with leak detection accuracy of up to 91% or more, fertilizer jam alarm error was less than 2%, and the variable fertilization accuracy rate was more than 96%, indicating that it had good practicality and economy.