不同时间尺度节水灌溉水稻腾发量特征与影响因素分析
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国家自然科学基金项目(51209066、51579070)、中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2015B34514、2014B17114)、国家重点实验室创新青年学者项目(20145027912)和河海大学国家级大学生创新训练计划项目(201510294012)


Influence Factors and Characteristics of Transpiration and Evaporation in Water-saving Irrigation Paddy Field under Different Temporal Scales
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    摘要:

    利用自制小型蒸渗仪系统在江苏省昆山市试验研究基地测定了2015年水稻生育期稻田蒸散量和土壤蒸发量,分析了节水灌溉稻田蒸散量、水稻蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量在水稻生育各期的日变化规律和稻季逐日变化趋势及分配特征,分别讨论了不同时间尺度上蒸腾量和蒸发量与净辐射(Rn)、叶面积指数(LAI)、饱和水汽压差(D)、空气温度(Ta)、风速(V)和表层土壤含水率(W)的相关关系。结果表明,节水灌溉稻田蒸散量(ET)与水稻蒸腾量(T)均呈明显的倒“U”型单峰变化趋势,变化规律也基本保持一致。土壤蒸发量(E)在水稻生育前期也呈倒“U”型单峰变化,之后没有明显的日变化特征。夜间蒸腾量正负波动,水汽凝结对蒸渗仪的测量产生了不可忽视的影响。水稻生育期的T与ET逐日变化趋势及波动状况也都基本一致,总体上为先增加后减小,高峰期出现在分蘖后期。以分蘖后期为界,之前稻田蒸散以蒸发为主,之后以蒸腾为主。从水稻移栽到乳熟,E/ET从接近1逐渐减小至0.19,黄熟期略有增加。在小时和日时间尺度上,影响节水灌溉稻田蒸腾量与蒸发量的主要因素不完全相同,影响程度也不相同。Rn和LAI分别是小时和日尺度上水稻蒸腾量最主要的影响因素,而LAI和D则分别是两尺度上土壤蒸发量最主要的影响因素。在所有因素中,LAI对两时间尺度蒸腾量和蒸发量均有显著影响(α<0.001)。尺度差异的分析对田间水分管理及水转化研究都有重要的现实意义。

    Abstract:

    Rice evapotranspiration and soil evaporation were measured by using canopy mini-lysimeter system in rice growth period in 2015 with water saving irrigation in the South China Plain. The characteristics of diurnal variation in typical days and daily variation during the whole growth period for evapotranspiration (ET), transpiration (T) and evaporation (E) were analyzed. The ratio of E to ET was also discussed. In addition, the correlations between T, as well as E, and related factors at hourly and daily scales were studied based on multiple linear regression method. The results illustrated that the diurnal variations of ET and T were basically consistent, which presented as the singlet trend of inverted “U” shape obviously. At the stage of tillering, E was also varied diurnally in unimodel shape, while there was no obviously diurnal variation after tillering stage. Positive and negative fluctuations of ET at night indicated that the influence of water vapor condensation on measurement of mini-lysimeter cannot be ignored. The daily variation trend of T was also similar to ET, and the two values were increased firstly and then decreased, with peak value occurred at late tillering stage. Moreover, rice evapotranspiration was soil evaporation primarily before late tillering stage, and later transpiration was dominant. The ratio of E to ET was varied from 1 to 0.19 with the growth of rice, and it was increased slightly in the ripening stage with value of 0.23. The main factors that affected transpiration and evaporation of water saving irrigation paddy fields were not identical at hourly and daily temporal scales. Net radiation (Rn) and leaf area index (LAI) were the main influence factors for rice transpiration at hourly and daily scales, respectively, while LAI and vapor pressure difference (D) were the main influence factors for soil evaporation at the two scales, respectively. LAI had significant effect on transpiration and evaporation at both temporal scales (α<0.001), albeit in varying degrees. The analysis of scale difference had important and practical significance to the research of water management and water transformation in the field.

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刘笑吟,王冠依,杨士红,徐俊增,王乙江.不同时间尺度节水灌溉水稻腾发量特征与影响因素分析[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):91-100,170.

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  • 收稿日期:2016-01-15
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  • 在线发布日期: 2016-08-10
  • 出版日期: 2016-08-10