One of the critical barriers for small rubbing filament machine is the great varies of material sizes especially in the feeding direction, which makes it difficult to process the local baled straw by the same device. A small and adjustable bale-breaking and rubbing filament machine was developed and tested to improve baled straw filamentous performance. The machine integrated bale-breaking and feeding device, cutting and shredding device, rubbing and filamentous device and sieving and discharge device. The structure and working principles of the machine were introduced, and the force of the straw in each device was analyzed, on which key devices and components were designed. Meanwhile, the ratio speed of each aixs were matched by the analysis of the transmission system. Effects of motor output speed (X1), screen hole diameter (X2) and feeding gap (X3) on the productivity of standardized unit power (YE) and the percentage of filamentous straw (YH) were explored. Three-dimensional quadratic regression orthogonal rotation central combination experiment method combined with response surface method was used to conduct experiments and explore the interaction effects of influence factors on indicators. A regression model of influence factors and evaluation indicators was established through the analysis of variance. The significant factors affecting YE were ordered of X1, X3, X2, and the significant factors affecting YH were ordered of X2, X1, X3. In the interaction of factors, X1X2 had an extremely significant impact on YE1, and a significant impact on YH1 and YH2; X1X3 had an extremely significant impact on YE1 and a significant impact on YE2; X2X3 had an extremely significant effect on YE1 and YE2. The optimal structure and working parameters combination were determined to be 1353r/min and 1072r/min for x1, 47mm and 46mm for x2, and 12cm and 35cm for x3, respectively for the whole-plant and the square-bale maize straw. Verification experiments demonstrated that the actual values for the whole-plant and square-bale maize straw of YE and YH were 99.34kg/(kW·h), 113.56kg/(kW·h), 98.86% and 98.30%, respectively. The small and adjustable bale-breaking and rubbing filament machine operation developed was effective for improving productivity and filamentous performance in the baled straw rubbing. It met the design requirements for the grain size of the comprehensive utilization of straws. Overall, the study laid the foundation for the development of the small multi-purpose straw rubbing filament machine.