Chemical fertilizer is one of the basic materials in modern agricultural production. It has important significance to the development of grain production safety and high-efficiency agriculture. The problems of agricultural safety production, environmental pollution and cost wastage are increasingly prominent which were caused by long-term blindly excessive application of chemical fertilizers in China. How to effectively balance the relation among grain production, ecological security and chemical fertilizer reduction has become a system engineering problem that must be faced. Considering the requirements for application of scientific fertilization technology, the present situation of chemical fertilizer application in China was illustrated and evaluated. The research progresses, technical features, application statuses and existing problems of modern fertilization technologies were analyzed, such as soil testing and formulated fertilization, slow/controlled release fertilization, precision variable-rate fertilization, irrigation and fertilization, and fertilization for staple crop. Finally, the trends of government policy, technology research and promotion training were expected clearly based on the requirement of sustainable agricultural development, which provided ideas for constructing a scientific fertilization technology and management system with the Chinese national condition and references for related research.