An active rollover stabilization control system was designed based on a single-frame control moment gyroscope for tractors susceptible to limit state rollover instability caused by complex road conditions in slope driving. The Euler-Lagrange equations were used to construct the non-linear sway dynamics equations for the coupled system of the whole machine and the control moment gyro using the single-side tire off the ground as the main object of study. Considering the different degrees of rollover hazards under random road conditions, a state feedback control law was derived based on the backstepping design method. To ensure the smooth control process, the control law was used to adjust angular speed and angular position of the gyroscope rotor. Through the precise movement of the gyroscope rotor, the active rollover control moment of agricultural wheeled tractor was output to change the rollover trend. Finally, scaled model tests of limit state rollover instability control with different obstacles and speeds were also carried out. The results showed that compared with the uncontrolled group, the use of the moment gyroscope control system can significantly reduce the ultimate roll angle of the tractor and can still effectively control the rollback when the roll angle was greater than the static critical roll angle of 9.58%. The proposed control strategy can adapt to the ultimate rollover conditions of different levels of risk and broaden the range of safe driving slope of the tractor. The active rollover control system can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for improving tractor slope adaptability.