In order to quantify the impacts of soil input parameters on the sensitivity of CERES-Wheat output variables, the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) method was used to study the global sensitivity analysis. The most sensitive parameters for yield, tops biomass and harvest index of winter wheat were soil field capacity (SDUL), followed by soil pH (SLHB) among the soil parameters. SDUL was also the most sensitive parameter for nitrogen content in grains, while SLHB was the most sensitive parameter for nitrogen content in tops biomass of winter wheat. Among the soil parameters, the most sensitive parameters for nitrogen content in root and leaf of winter wheat were both total nitrogen in soil (SLNI), with the first order sensitivity index value of 0.67 and 0.59, respectively. The runoff curve number (SLRO) and SDUL were more sensitive for the plant uptake nitrogen content than other soil parameters. Soil drainage rate (SLDR) was the most sensitive parameter for nitrogen leached during season, while SLNI was the most sensitive to total soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content. SLNI was also the most sensitive parameter for nitrogen mineralization content and nitrification content, while the nitrogen denitrification content was most affected by SLDR. The ammonia volatilization content was sensitive to SLNI, SLHB and SLDR. Furthermore, all 15 soil parameters that should have been measured can be simplified to four parameters when the research focus on the simulation of winter wheat production and crop nitrogen, and all the soil parameters can be simplified to nine parameters when the research focus on the simulation of soil nitrogen transformation and distribution. The research result provided a feasible method to decrease the difficulty in obtaining soil data for CERES-Wheat model, which can benefit model localization and regional application.